Compound Monograph
Glycyrrhetinic acid
The triterpenoid aglycone of licorice's glycyrrhizin, responsible for licorice's effect on cortisol metabolism.
Classification
Glycyrrhetinic acid is a triterpenoid, part of the terpenoids class. The largest class of plant compounds, built from five-carbon isoprene units — the essential-oil aromatics, resins, bitter principles, saponins, and plant sterols.
Where Does It Come From? (1)
Glycyrrhetinic acid is a naturally occurring triterpenoid, found in Licorice. It is flagged as moderately toxic.
Research & Evidence
Glycyrrhetinic acid (enoxolone) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is the aglycone of glycyrrhizin, the sweet principle of licorice; it is formed when glycyrrhizin is hydrolysed in the gut. It is the form responsible for many of licorice’s systemic effects, notably inhibition of the enzyme 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, which allows cortisol to act on mineralocorticoid receptors. It has been used in topical and oral preparations for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties.
Toxicity & Safety
Through its effect on cortisol metabolism, glycyrrhetinic acid (like glycyrrhizin) can cause a syndrome of high blood pressure, sodium and water retention, and low potassium when licorice is consumed in large amounts or over long periods. People with hypertension, heart disease, kidney disease, or low potassium, and those who are pregnant, should be especially cautious with licorice. Topical use for short periods is generally better tolerated.