Compound Monograph
Menthol
Menthol is the cooling monoterpene alcohol responsible for the characteristic sensation of peppermint.
Classification
Menthol is a monoterpene alcohol, part of the terpenoids class. The largest class of plant compounds, built from five-carbon isoprene units — the essential-oil aromatics, resins, bitter principles, saponins, and plant sterols.
Where Does It Come From? (4)
Menthol is a naturally occurring monoterpene alcohol, found in Peppermint, Corn mint and 2 other sources. It is well tolerated orally (low toxicity).
Research & Evidence
Menthol is a cyclic monoterpene alcohol and the major component of peppermint and other mint essential oils. Its hallmark cooling sensation comes from activation of the TRPM8 cold-sensing ion channel, which signals coolness without an actual change in temperature. Menthol is used widely in topical analgesic and decongestant products, lozenges, oral care, confectionery and tobacco, and is valued for its mild local anaesthetic, counter-irritant and antipruritic effects. It is one of the most extensively used flavour and cooling agents in commerce.
Toxicity & Safety
At the concentrations found in foods, oral-care products and topical preparations, menthol is well tolerated and regarded as safe. Concentrated menthol or high-dose mint oil can irritate skin and mucous membranes, and large ingested amounts can cause gastrointestinal upset. Menthol applied to the face or chest of infants and very young children can trigger reflex breathing problems and should be avoided in that group.