Couchgrass

What Is Couchgrass?

Couchgrass is considered a weed in most places. It can grow in both hot and cold, dry and wet, sunny or shady locations with ease and spreads quickly through millions of tiny seeds and tough creeping rhizomes.

Couchgrass roots are so tough they can even be found growing up through cement cracks in the ground.

It’s these tough creeping rhizomes that are used medicinally.

They contain a set of sugar compounds that sooth the mucosa throughout the body. This includes the urinary tract, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. This demulcent or soothing activity makes it useful for conditions involving inflammation, infection, or hyper-permeability.

These sugars are also responsible for its ability to treat gout and increase urine flow through osmotic pressure. As such, couchgrass is one of the most popular herbs for treating gout.

What Is Couchgrass Used For?

Couchgrass is mainly used to treat inflammation and infection of the urinary tract, kidney and bladder inflammation and calculi, prostatitis, gout, and rheumatism.

Traditional Uses

The British herbal pharmacopoeia lists Elytrigia repens (refers to Agropyron repens) as a diuretic for cystitis, urethritis, and prostatitis as well as BPH ^{22Reference 22British Herbal Medicine Association · 1983British Herbal Pharmacopoeia}.

Botanical Information

As a member of the grass family (Poaceae) couchgrass is just one of 12,000 species of flowering plants contained within 780 genera.

Couchgrass is a perennial, frost resistant grass growing up to 1m. It will grow in both very acidic, and very alkaline soils. The pollen is distributed via wind. ^{23Reference 23Plants For A FutureElytrigia repens (Couch Grass) — PFAF Plant DatabaseView study →}.

Habitat, Ecology & Distribution

Elytrigia repens can be found abundantly growing in North America, Europe, Northern Asia, and Australia. ^{22Reference 22British Herbal Medicine Association · 1983British Herbal Pharmacopoeia}.

Phytochemistry

Couchgrass is a carbohydrate-driven demulcent. Its rhizome is roughly 10% carbohydrate, dominated by the inulin-related fructan triticin (3–8%) together with the sugar alcohols mannitol and inositol (~3% combined) and a comparable share of soothing mucilage (~10%) ^{20,21,22,24,25,26Reference 20Hoffmann · 2003Medical Herbalism: The Science and Practice of Herbal MedicineReference 21Wren · 1956Potter’s New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and PreparationsReference 22British Herbal Medicine Association · 1983British Herbal PharmacopoeiaReference 24Bisset · 2001Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals (2nd ed.)Reference 25Leung et al. · 1996Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients (2nd ed.)Reference 26Newell et al. · 1996Herbal Medicines}. These sugars account for both the demulcent action and the osmotic diuresis behind its traditional use in gout. A very small volatile-oil fraction (0.01–0.05%), composed largely of the antibiotic agropyrene, plus the flavonoid tricin, vanillin and its glycoside, silicic acid and phenolcarboxylic acids round out the profile.

Constituent Summary

Figures are for the dried rhizome (Elytrigia repens) as percentages of dry weight; the essential-oil value is the oil’s share of the rhizome, not of the oil. Contents vary with provenance and season.

Pharmacology & Research

Couch grass is a well-established traditional medicine with a thin modern evidence base: the bulk of the literature bearing its name is agronomic (it is a globally significant crop weed), and the medicinal studies that exist are dominated by phytochemical profiling, in-vitro assays, and a handful of rodent experiments rather than human trials ^{1Reference 1Zhakipbekov et al. · 2026Systematic reviewElymus repens (L.) Gould phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential — systematic reviewView study →}. Its regulatory standing rests entirely on traditional use — the EMA/HMPC carries a herbal monograph and assessment report for the rhizome as a urinary-flushing agent rather than a clinically proven treatment ^{2Reference 2European Medicines AgencyReviewAssessment report on Agropyron repens (L.) PView study →}. The most concrete human signal is in urinary-stone disease, where placebo-controlled trials of Agropyron-containing combination supplements have been completed, though not of the single herb ^{17,18Reference 17Efficacy et al.RCTClinicalTrials.gov NCT04695951View study →Reference 18Agropyron repens et al.RCTClinicalTrials.gov NCT04860492View study →}. The most mechanistically credible finding is an in-vitro anti-adhesion effect against uropathogenic E. coli traced to a specific rhizome ester ^{4,5Reference 4Beydokhti et al. · 2017In vitroHexadecyl coumaric acid ester from the rhizomes of Agropyron repens with antiadhesive activity against uropathogenic E. coli — in vitroView study →Reference 5Rafsanjany et al. · 2013In vitroAntiadhesion as a functional concept for protection against uropathogenic E. coli: in vitro studies with traditionally used plantsView study →}. A recurring caveat runs through the whole file: the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity sits in the essential oil, the antioxidant/enzyme-inhibition data come from hydroalcoholic extracts, yet the herb is used almost exclusively as an aqueous tea or 1:1 liquid extract — so several signals may not transfer to the preparation people actually take ^{3Reference 3Bortolami et al. · 2022Metabolic profile of Agropyron repens rhizome herbal tea by HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS analysisView study →}.

0. Evidence by indication

Support is an experimental score I’m building — a composite weighted by study type (human > animal > in vitro > review) and study volume. It’s a beta: a fast way to rank strength of evidence at a glance, not a validated metric, and I’ll keep honing the formula over time. Each indication name links down to its write-up.

Indication	Support	Rests on
Antiurolithiatic	██████░░░░ 61%	Two completed human RCTs — but on Agropyron + mannitol + magnesium combinations, not the single herb; one single-herb rat study was null.
Diuretic & urinary flushing	█████░░░░░ 54%	Three pharmacopoeial monographs + rat diuresis; osmotic mechanism from sugar alcohols. No rigorous human diuresis trial.
Antiadhesive (anti-UTI)	█████░░░░░ 52%	Consistent in-vitro anti-adhesion vs uropathogenic E. coli + one observational surveillance series. Acetone/aqueous extracts.
Antidiabetic / hypoglycemic	█████░░░░░ 46%	One in-vivo rat study + in-vitro α-amylase/α-glucosidase inhibition. Not a traditional use.
Antioxidant	████░░░░░░ 44%	In-vitro DPPH/reducing-power only; a supporting mechanism, not a therapeutic endpoint. Hydroalcoholic extracts.
Anti-inflammatory	████░░░░░░ 40%	Old preclinical screening + constituent-level inference from phenolics/tricin. Essential-oil fraction.
Gout / hyperuricemia	███░░░░░░░ 28%	Long traditional documentation; efficacy inferred from osmotic diuresis. No couch-grass-specific study.

1. Antiurolithiatic

This is the herb’s strongest human signal, and it is indirect. Two placebo-controlled trials of Renalof — a proprietary supplement combining Agropyron repens with mannitol and magnesium — have been completed for renal/ureteral calculi: a Phase 2 study of stones under 10 mm (n=155) and a double-blind study of upper-tract stone volume (n=82), with a third trial (Neorenal Forte, n=120) now recruiting for residual-fragment clearance ^{17,18,19Reference 17Efficacy et al.RCTClinicalTrials.gov NCT04695951View study →Reference 18Agropyron repens et al.RCTClinicalTrials.gov NCT04860492View study →Reference 19Neorenal Forte as adjuvant for eliminatiRCTClinicalTrials.gov NCT06651294View study →}. A separate pediatric randomised study (n=50, single low-tier journal) reported large reductions in stone number and size with an Agropyron extract ^{1,16Reference 1Zhakipbekov et al. · 2026Systematic reviewElymus repens (L.) Gould phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential — systematic reviewView study →Reference 16Moohy Alosy et al. · 2019RCTRole of Agropyron repens extract in treatment of renal calculus in the pediatric group — randomised studyView study →}. Preclinical results are mixed and important: a combination formulation (with Herniaria, Equisetum, Sambucus) reduced calcium-oxalate crystal deposition in a rat nephrolithiasis model ^{7Reference 7Crescenti et al. · 2015AnimalAntiurolithiasic effect of a plant mixture (Herniaria glabra, Agropyron repens, Equisetum arvense, Sambucus nigra) in experimentally induced nephrolithiasis in rats — animal modelView study →}, but an earlier study of the Agropyron infusion alone found no benefit on the main calcium-oxalate urinary risk factors in rats ^{6Reference 6Grases et al. · 1995AnimalEffect of Herniaria hirsuta and Agropyron repens on calcium oxalate urolithiasis risk in rats — animal modelView study →}. The plausible mechanism is mechanical — increased urine flow flushing crystals — rather than a specific anti-crystallisation effect.

Gap: every positive human result is on a multi-ingredient product containing added mannitol and magnesium; the single-herb infusion was null in the one rat study that isolated it, so the herb’s independent contribution is unproven.

2. Diuretic & urinary flushing

Diuresis and “irrigation of the urinary tract” are the indications for which couch grass rhizome holds a formal EMA/HMPC herbal monograph as traditional use — meaning long-documented medicinal use rather than trial-demonstrated efficacy ^{2Reference 2European Medicines AgencyReviewAssessment report on Agropyron repens (L.) PView study →}. The experimental support is modest and preclinical: the mechanism is attributed to osmotic diuresis from the rhizome’s sugar alcohols mannitol (~2–3%) and inositol, released together with the fructan triticin, plus mucilage-mediated soothing of the urinary epithelium ^{1,3Reference 1Zhakipbekov et al. · 2026Systematic reviewElymus repens (L.) Gould phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential — systematic reviewView study →Reference 3Bortolami et al. · 2022Metabolic profile of Agropyron repens rhizome herbal tea by HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS analysisView study →}. No controlled human trial has measured urine output from the herb itself.

Gap: the entire indication is traditional-use grade; there is no human diuresis RCT, and the osmotic rationale is extrapolated from the known pharmacology of the herb’s sugar alcohols, not measured for the whole-rhizome tea.

3. Antiadhesive (anti-UTI)

Rather than killing bacteria, couch grass appears to interfere with their attachment. Acetone and hydroalcoholic rhizome extracts significantly reduced adhesion of uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) to human T24 bladder cells in vitro without any cytotoxicity, and bioassay-guided fractionation identified the active molecule as (E)-hexadecyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-acrylate, a hexadecyl ester of coumaric acid ^{4,5Reference 4Beydokhti et al. · 2017In vitroHexadecyl coumaric acid ester from the rhizomes of Agropyron repens with antiadhesive activity against uropathogenic E. coli — in vitroView study →Reference 5Rafsanjany et al. · 2013In vitroAntiadhesion as a functional concept for protection against uropathogenic E. coli: in vitro studies with traditionally used plantsView study →}. A later study of a four-herb German aqueous formulation (birch, Agropyron, goldenrod, restharrow) found the anti-adhesive activity — downregulation of type-1 fimbrial genes — came largely from birch/goldenrod dammaranes, with couch grass contributing to the traditional mixture rather than driving the effect ^{1Reference 1Zhakipbekov et al. · 2026Systematic reviewElymus repens (L.) Gould phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential — systematic reviewView study →}. Clinically, only an uncontrolled multicentre post-marketing surveillance of an Agropyron fluid extract in UTI/irritable bladder has been reported ^{15Reference 15Hautmann et al. · 2000ObservationalFluid extract of Agropyron repens for urinary tract infections or irritable bladder: multicentric post-marketing surveillance — observational}.

Gap: the anti-adhesion data are entirely in vitro, the active ester is a minor lipophilic constituent poorly extracted into tea, and no controlled trial has tested couch grass for UTI in people.

4. Antidiabetic / hypoglycemic

This is an emerging, non-traditional signal. In an in-vivo study the aqueous extract lowered blood glucose in both normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, with the effect strengthening over repeated dosing and appearing independent of insulin secretion — pointing to a non-insulin-dependent mechanism such as reduced hepatic glucose output ^{8Reference 8Eddouks et al. · 2005AnimalHypoglycaemic effect of Triticum repens PView study →}. In vitro, hydroalcoholic extracts inhibited the carbohydrate-digesting enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase, mirroring the acarbose mechanism of blunting post-meal glucose spikes ^{9,10Reference 9Deveci et al. · 2020In vitroAntioxidant, cytotoxic, and enzyme inhibitory activities of Agropyron repens and Crataegus monogyna — in vitroView study →Reference 10Nicoară et al. · 2019In vitroAntioxidant and antidiabetic properties of polyphenolic-rich extracts of Apium graveolens and Agropyrum repens — in vitroView study →}. The activity is attributed to the herb’s phenolic acids and flavonoids including quercetin and tricin.

Gap: one rodent study plus in-vitro enzyme assays, no dose-response in disease-relevant models and no human data; this is not an established use of the herb.

5. Antioxidant

Couch grass extracts scavenge free radicals in standard assays (DPPH, reducing power), and the activity tracks the phenolic and flavonoid content — chiefly caffeic acid, its caffeoyl- and feruloylquinic esters, and flavonoids such as tricin, luteolin and rutin ^{9,11Reference 9Deveci et al. · 2020In vitroAntioxidant, cytotoxic, and enzyme inhibitory activities of Agropyron repens and Crataegus monogyna — in vitroView study →Reference 11Petrova et al. · 2009Chemical composition of couch grass and antioxidant activity in allergic contact dermatitisView study →}. Metabolomic profiling of the rhizome tea confirms these phenolics carry into the aqueous preparation ^{3Reference 3Bortolami et al. · 2022Metabolic profile of Agropyron repens rhizome herbal tea by HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS analysisView study →}. The consensus in the review literature is that antioxidant capacity is not a therapeutic endpoint in itself but a plausible contributor to the herb’s anti-inflammatory and urinary-protective effects, since oxidative stress is a shared driver of those conditions ^{1Reference 1Zhakipbekov et al. · 2026Systematic reviewElymus repens (L.) Gould phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential — systematic reviewView study →}.

Gap: in-vitro only, with no cellular or in-vivo confirmation that the antioxidant activity produces a clinical effect; assay values come from hydroalcoholic extracts richer in phenolics than a tea.

6. Anti-inflammatory

Anti-inflammatory activity has been reported since an early screening of Italian medicinal plants and is chemically rationalised by the rhizome’s phenolic acids, flavonoids, and the volatile-oil fraction ^{12Reference 12Mascolo et al. · 1987AnimalBiological screening of Italian medicinal plants for anti-inflammatory activity — animal modelView study →}. The candidate mediators are hydroxycinnamic-acid derivatives and tricin-like flavones with documented anti-inflammatory properties, plausibly acting through antioxidant-linked suppression of pro-inflammatory signalling ^{1Reference 1Zhakipbekov et al. · 2026Systematic reviewElymus repens (L.) Gould phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential — systematic reviewView study →}. The honest limit is that almost all of the evidence is general inflammation assays rather than mechanistic work identifying specific pathways or cytokines.

Gap: the data are old and non-specific, much of the activity sits in the essential oil rather than the tea, and no modern pathway-level study or human trial exists.

7. Gout / hyperuricemia

Couch grass has a long documentation in Western herbal medicine for gout and rheumatic complaints, and it remains a popular traditional remedy for them ^{1Reference 1Zhakipbekov et al. · 2026Systematic reviewElymus repens (L.) Gould phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential — systematic reviewView study →}. The rationale is entirely mechanistic inference: the osmotic diuresis attributed to mannitol and the other sugar alcohols is presumed to increase urinary flow and, with it, uric-acid clearance. No study has measured serum urate, uric-acid excretion, or gout outcomes with couch grass in either animals or humans.

Gap: this indication rests on tradition plus a diuresis-to-uricosuria assumption; there is no direct evidence that the herb lowers urate or affects gout, so it is included only for its traditional standing.

Mechanisms

Mechanism	Drives	Key compounds
Osmotic diuresis (tubular osmotic load, ↑ urine flow)	diuretic, urinary flushing, antiurolithiatic, gout	mannitol, inositol
Mucosal demulcency (soothing mucilage film)	urinary/mucosal soothing, irritable bladder	mucilage, polysaccharides
Anti-adhesion vs type-1 fimbriae of uropathogenic E. coli	anti-UTI	hexadecyl coumaric-acid ester
α-amylase / α-glucosidase inhibition	antidiabetic	quercetin, phenolic acids
Phenolic radical scavenging (DPPH, reducing power)	antioxidant, anti-inflammatory	caffeic acid, tricin
Antibacterial volatile action	anti-infective (adjuvant)	agropyrene

Clinical trials

Registered human trials do exist — but all are on proprietary Agropyron repens-containing combination supplements (Renalof, Neorenal Forte) for urinary-stone disease, not on single-herb couch grass; two are completed and one (n=120) is currently recruiting ^{17,18,19Reference 17Efficacy et al.RCTClinicalTrials.gov NCT04695951View study →Reference 18Agropyron repens et al.RCTClinicalTrials.gov NCT04860492View study →Reference 19Neorenal Forte as adjuvant for eliminatiRCTClinicalTrials.gov NCT06651294View study →}.

Completed	Planned	Terminated	Preclinical
2	0	0	~15

Last checked: July 2026.

Dosage

No single-herb human dose has been established in a trial; the human data are all on proprietary Agropyron-containing combination products for urinary stones.

Indication	Preparation	Dose	Est. dried-herb equivalent	Source
Urinary stones (adjuvant)	Renalof (Agropyron + mannitol + magnesium), tablets	325 mg twice daily (proprietary combination)	— (proprietary; no marker %)	17,18Reference 17Efficacy et al.RCTClinicalTrials.gov NCT04695951View study →Reference 18Agropyron repens et al.RCTClinicalTrials.gov NCT04860492View study →
Renal calculus (paediatric)	Agropyron aqueous extract	not clearly standardised in source	—	16Reference 16Moohy Alosy et al. · 2019RCTRole of Agropyron repens extract in treatment of renal calculus in the pediatric group — randomised studyView study →

These are proprietary-combination or animal doses, not conversion factors, and do not isolate the single herb.

Traditional Dosage

Standard British Herbal Pharmacopoeia ranges for the rhizome (confirm the exact figures against the source text before relying on them) ^{22Reference 22British Herbal Medicine Association · 1983British Herbal Pharmacopoeia}:

System	Preparation	Dose
Western herbal (BHP)	Dried rhizome, decoction	~4–8 g, 2–3× daily
Western herbal (BHP)	Liquid extract 1:1 (25% alcohol)	4–8 mL, 3× daily
Western herbal (BHP)	Tincture 1:5 (40% alcohol)	5–15 mL, 3× daily

Safety

Couch grass rhizome has a long record of traditional use as a urinary tea with no clearly documented serious adverse effects, and the review literature characterises its historical safety profile as favourable ^{1Reference 1Zhakipbekov et al. · 2026Systematic reviewElymus repens (L.) Gould phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential — systematic reviewView study →}. Because it is used as a diuretic, standard herbal practice advises caution when combining it with pharmaceutical diuretics — particularly potassium-depleting (loop and thiazide) diuretics, where additive fluid and electrolyte loss is plausible; adequate fluid intake is recommended alongside any urinary-flushing use, which is also why it is traditionally avoided where fluid intake must be restricted (e.g. significant cardiac or renal impairment with oedema). Formal safety data are limited: chronic-toxicity, reproductive, genotoxicity and dedicated herb–drug interaction studies have not been carried out, so absence of reported harm reflects lack of study rather than demonstrated safety ^{1Reference 1Zhakipbekov et al. · 2026Systematic reviewElymus repens (L.) Gould phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential — systematic reviewView study →}. As a grass rhizome it is a theoretical source of Poaceae (grass) allergen for grass-pollen-sensitised individuals.

Pregnancy & lactation

Not established — avoid in the absence of data. The safety of couch grass during pregnancy and breastfeeding has not been formally assessed; reproductive-toxicity studies have not been conducted, so its use cannot be recommended in these groups for want of data ^{1Reference 1Zhakipbekov et al. · 2026Systematic reviewElymus repens (L.) Gould phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential — systematic reviewView study →}. This is a precaution from absence of evidence, not a finding of harm; the traditional-use regulatory monograph for the rhizome likewise does not extend a recommendation to pregnancy/lactation ^{2Reference 2European Medicines AgencyReviewAssessment report on Agropyron repens (L.) PView study →}.

Clinical Applications

The sugars, mucilage, and flavonoids of Agropyron repens makes it useful for treating conditions involving the mucus membranes. This includes the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and urinary tract mucosa. It has an affinity for the urinary tract, also offering support to damaged kidneys through osmotic diuretic action, urinary tract infections, kidney and bladder inflammation, prostatitis, and gout.

Couchgrass is also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and gastrointestinal inflammation.

Synergy

The British herbal pharmacopoeia suggests Elytrigia is synergistic with Agathosma for cystitis, and hydrangeae in prostatic enlargement ^{22Reference 22British Herbal Medicine Association · 1983British Herbal Pharmacopoeia}.

References

1. Zhakipbekov, K. S., Serikbayeva, E. A., Tleubayeva, M. I., et al. (2026). Elymus repens (L.) Gould phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential — systematic review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42278456/
2. European Medicines Agency, HMPC. Assessment report on Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv., rhizoma — traditional-use herbal monograph. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-report/draft-assessment-report-agropyron-repens-l-p-beauv-rhizoma-revision-1_en.pdf
3. Bortolami, M., Di Matteo, P., Rocco, D., Feroci, M., & Petrucci, R. (2022). Metabolic profile of Agropyron repens rhizome herbal tea by HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS analysis. Molecules. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35956912/
4. Beydokhti, S. S., Sendker, J., Brandt, S., & Hensel, A. (2017). Hexadecyl coumaric acid ester from the rhizomes of Agropyron repens with antiadhesive activity against uropathogenic E. coli — in vitro. Fitoterapia. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28040531/
5. Rafsanjany, N., Lechtenberg, M., Petereit, F., & Hensel, A. (2013). Antiadhesion as a functional concept for protection against uropathogenic E. coli: in vitro studies with traditionally used plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23211661/
6. Grases, F., Ramis, M., Costa-Bauzá, A., & March, J. G. (1995). Effect of Herniaria hirsuta and Agropyron repens on calcium oxalate urolithiasis risk in rats — animal model. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7623486/
7. Crescenti, A., Puiggròs, F., Colomé, A., et al. (2015). Antiurolithiasic effect of a plant mixture (Herniaria glabra, Agropyron repens, Equisetum arvense, Sambucus nigra) in experimentally induced nephrolithiasis in rats — animal model. Archivos Españoles de Urología. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26634575/
8. Eddouks, M., Maghrani, M., & Michel, J. B. (2005). Hypoglycaemic effect of Triticum repens P. Beauv. in normal and diabetic rats — animal model. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16099613/
9. Deveci, E., Tel-Çayan, G., Karakurt, S., & Duru, M. E. (2020). Antioxidant, cytotoxic, and enzyme inhibitory activities of Agropyron repens and Crataegus monogyna — in vitro. European Journal of Biology. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2020.0077
10. Nicoară, E., Poșta, G., Micle, V., Ursu, O., & Rácz, G. L. (2019). Antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of polyphenolic-rich extracts of Apium graveolens and Agropyrum repens — in vitro. Revue Roumaine de Chimie. https://doi.org/10.33224/rrch/2019.64.10.10
11. Petrova, A. P., Krasnov, E. A., Saprykina, E. V., et al. (2009). Chemical composition of couch grass and antioxidant activity in allergic contact dermatitis. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11094-009-0231-1
12. Mascolo, N., Autore, G., Capasso, F., Menghini, A., & Fasulo, M. P. (1987). Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for anti-inflammatory activity — animal model. Phytotherapy Research. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650010107
13. Koetter, U., Kaloga, M., & Schilcher, H. (1993/1994). p-Hydroxycinnamic acid esters from the rhizome of Agropyron repens, Parts I & II. Planta Medica. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17235975/
14. Weston, L. A., Burke, B. A., & Putnam, A. R. (1987). Isolation, characterization and activity of phytotoxic compounds from quackgrass (Agropyron repens). Journal of Chemical Ecology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24301884/
15. Hautmann, C., & Scheithe, K. (2000). Fluid extract of Agropyron repens for urinary tract infections or irritable bladder: multicentric post-marketing surveillance — observational. Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie.
16. Moohy Alosy, B. D., Thakir, E. M., & Khalaf, S. A. (2019). Role of Agropyron repens extract in treatment of renal calculus in the pediatric group — randomised study. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.5958/0973-9130.2019.00231.7
17. Efficacy and safety of Renalof (Agropyron repens) in the removal of calculi smaller than 10 mm — randomised placebo-controlled trial (Phase 2, n=155, completed). ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04695951. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04695951
18. Agropyron repens, mannitol and magnesium supplement for upper urinary tract stone volume — randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (n=82, completed). ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04860492. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04860492
19. Neorenal Forte as adjuvant for elimination of residual fragments after lithotripsy — randomised placebo-controlled trial (n=120, recruiting). ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06651294. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06651294
20. Hoffmann, D. (2003). Medical Herbalism: The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine. Healing Arts Press.
21. Wren, R. C. (1956). Potter’s New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations.
22. British Herbal Medicine Association. (1983). British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.
23. Plants For A Future. Elytrigia repens (Couch Grass) — PFAF Plant Database. https://pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?LatinName=Elytrigia+repens
24. Bisset, N. G. (Ed.). (2001). Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals (2nd ed.). Medpharm Scientific Publishers.
25. Leung, A. Y., & Foster, S. (1996). Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients (2nd ed.). Wiley.
26. Newell, C. A., Anderson, L. A., & Phillipson, J. D. (1996). Herbal Medicines. Pharmaceutical Press.