Walnut (Juglans nigra) — The Sunlight Experiment

What Is Black Walnut?

Walnut is an extremely versatile tree. It’s best known for its dark and decorative wood, often used as flooring, furniture, and for the stocks of guns and knives.

The green seed husks are boiled to make a yellow dye, and the nut makes a delicious and highly nutritious meal. The oil from this nut is useful as a polish for wood and as a mixer for paint. It’s also been used as lamp oil and for cooking purposes.

The medicinal content of the wood is strong, offering powerful astringent activity, and purgative action. The strongest medicinal uses of this tree, however, are in its seed husks, especially while green and unripe.

The chemicals contained in these unripe husks, particularly the chemical juglone, is a powerful destroyer of worms and other parasites. When applied as a salve or balm it’s useful for reducing sweating of the hands and feet, and can be used to treat fungal and parasitic infections on the skin such as athlete’s foot or ringworm.

The anti-parasitic action works if employed in the garden as a strong infusion of the husks or leaves as well to destroy worms or other insects and won’t injure the grass. In the wild, it’s been found that no insects will touch the leaves or bark of this plant.

What Is Black Walnut Used For?

All parts of the tree are antimicrobial, and are used to treat bacterial, and parasitic infections. The green seed husks of Juglans nigra are highly astringent, and are used to astringe the skin and digestive tract to reduce gut permeability or treat hyperhydrosis. The seed husks are also potent anti-parasitics and are useful in combination for removing parasites from the gastrointestinal tract.

Traditional Uses

Culpepper suggests its bark is a great astringent, stating that it “doth bind and dry very much”. He also states that the older, more bitter leaves are useful for killing broad-worms in the stomach. The nuts, and leaves are suggested for poison, snakebites, or dog bites. ^{4Reference 4Amaral JS et al. · 2004Phenolic profile in the quality control of walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaves}.

He also suggests the green husks, boiled with honey is a great remedy for sore throats and inflammations of the mouth and stomach. ^{4Reference 4Amaral JS et al. · 2004Phenolic profile in the quality control of walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaves}.

In Iran, walnut is often used as an extract and its hydrosol to control blood sugar ^{2,3Reference 2Mohammadi J et al. · 2012AnimalThe effect of hydro alcoholic extract of Juglans regia leaves in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic ratsReference 3Hosseini S et al. · 2014The hypoglycemic effect of Juglans regia leaves aqueous extract in diabetic patients: A first human trialView study →}.

In southern Morocco, the leaves are used in the treatment of hypertension and diabetes ^{11Reference 11A et al. · 2007A. Tahraoui, J. El-Hilaly, Z. H. Israili, and B. Lyoussi, (2007). “Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used in the traditional treatment of hypertension and diabetes in south-eastern Morocco (Errachidia province),” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 110, no. 1, pp. 105–117}.

Traditional Chinese Medicine

(Walnut kernel)

Pinyin

Hu Tao Ren

Taste

Sweet ^{22Reference 22Wu · 2005An illustrated Chinese materia medica}

Energy

Warm ^{22Reference 22Wu · 2005An illustrated Chinese materia medica}

Channels

Kidney, lung, large intestines ^{22Reference 22Wu · 2005An illustrated Chinese materia medica}

Actions

Tonifies kidneys, warms the lungs, moistens the intestines ^{22Reference 22Wu · 2005An illustrated Chinese materia medica}

Indications

Coughs and asthma due to deficiency-cold, constipation due to dry intestines ^{22Reference 22Wu · 2005An illustrated Chinese materia medica}

Cautions & Safety

Do not use with excess fire due to yin deficiency, coughs due to phlegm heat and with loose stools ^{22Reference 22Wu · 2005An illustrated Chinese materia medica}

Botanical Description

The walnut tree is an enormous deciduous tree, reaching heights of 40-60 feet, and has very large, spreading tops. The trunk is very thick, and can reach over 20 feet in circumference. ^{6Reference 6A Modern Herbal · 1931WalnutView study →}.

The walnut genus (Juglans) is part of the Juglandaceae family of plants, which are characterised by large, aromatic leaves, and catkin flowers. This family has about 10 genera and roughly 50 species.

Other noteable members of this family include:

Carya illinoinensis (Pecan)
Carya spp. (Hickory)

The walnut family has several important members:

Juglans regia (Persian walnut/ English walnut)
Juglans nigra (Black Walnut)
Juglans cinerea (Butternut)

Habitat, Ecology & Distribution

Juglans species are found primarily in temperate areas and are cultivated commercially throughout southern Europe, Northern Africa, eastern Asia, the United States, and western South America ^{10Reference 10Almonte-Flores et al. · 2015AnimalPharmacological and Genotoxic Properties of Polyphenolic Extracts ofCedrela odorataL. andJuglans regiaLView study →}. It’s in fact the most widespread tree nut in the world ^{18Reference 18Ma et al. · 2015Isolation of a novel bio-peptide from walnut residual protein inducing apoptosis and autophagy on cancer cellsView study →}.

In the Himalaya, the walnut inhabits mountain slopes at elevations of 1200 - 2100 m (4000 to 7000 feet) ^{5Reference 5Culpeper · 1995Culpeper’s complete herbal: A book of natural remedies for ancient ills}.

Pharmacology & Medical Research

Diabetes

Juglans regia (English walnut) extracts were shown in an experimental study to significantly reduce blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, LDL, triglycerides, and total cholesterol, as well as significantly increase insulin and HDL levels ^{1,3Reference 1Moravej et al. · 2016Chemical Composition and the Effect of Walnut Hydrosol in Glycemic Control of Type 1 Diabetic PatientsView study →Reference 3Hosseini S et al. · 2014The hypoglycemic effect of Juglans regia leaves aqueous extract in diabetic patients: A first human trialView study →}. The mechanism of action is suggested to be through stimulation of the beta-cells of the pancreas to release insulin, increase in the sensitivity of the cells to insulin, or interfere with dietary carbohydrate absorption ^{1,8,9Reference 1Moravej et al. · 2016Chemical Composition and the Effect of Walnut Hydrosol in Glycemic Control of Type 1 Diabetic PatientsView study →Reference 8Pitschmann A et al. · 2014In vitroWalnut leaf extract inhibits PTP1B and enhances glucose-uptake in vitroReference 9Ezhumalai M et al. · 2014AnimalAntihyperglycemic effect of carvacrol in combination with rosiglitazone in high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetic C57BL/6J mice}.

If the first suggestion is true (stimulates the beta-cells of the pancreas to secrete insulin), then this action will not work on those with type 1 diabetes, as this condition means that most of the insulin-secreting beta-cells are absent. Since the majority of the study on this herb in this area are conducted on type 2 diabetic models, it’s hard to understand how this will affect those lacking beta cells.

Other studies have found similar results ^{10Reference 10Almonte-Flores et al. · 2015AnimalPharmacological and Genotoxic Properties of Polyphenolic Extracts ofCedrela odorataL. andJuglans regiaLView study →}.

Cancer

The leaves of the walnut tree contain a high amount of cancer-fighting polyphenols. These chemicals are well known to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, both of which have a direct benefit in treating or preventing cancer cell lines ^{1Reference 1Moravej et al. · 2016Chemical Composition and the Effect of Walnut Hydrosol in Glycemic Control of Type 1 Diabetic PatientsView study →}.

Walnut hull extracts were found to contain a chemical called ellagitannins, which possess anti-cancer benefits, as well as anti-inflammatory actions ^{1,4Reference 1Moravej et al. · 2016Chemical Composition and the Effect of Walnut Hydrosol in Glycemic Control of Type 1 Diabetic PatientsView study →Reference 4Amaral JS et al. · 2004Phenolic profile in the quality control of walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaves}.

As a bi-product of the walnut oil industry, a large amount of protein is left behind. Part of this protein has been found to possess significant apoptotic actions on cancer cells (MCF-7 cells). The whole protein itself was not responsible for this action, but rather the hydrolysates released via enzymatic processes. Such enzymes that can release these hydrolysates from the chain include pepsin, papain, trypsin, neutral protease, and alkaline protease. Papain-derived hydrolysates were noted to have the most pronounced effect in this regard. The mechanism of action was found to be through the induction of apoptosis and autophagy of the cancer cells and was suggested to offer other immunomodulatory actions as well. ^{18Reference 18Ma et al. · 2015Isolation of a novel bio-peptide from walnut residual protein inducing apoptosis and autophagy on cancer cellsView study →}.

It’s currently unclear whether this hydrolysate is produced in the stomach and upper intestines from the pepsin contained within these tissues, or if this will need to be hydrolyzed in a lab with commercial enzymes. More research is required.

Other extracts containing triterpene components taken from the green husk of Juglans manshurica were also found to possess anti-cancer activity on hepatic cancer cell lines in vitro (Hep-G2 Cancer cells) ^{20Reference 20Zhou et al. · 2015Cytotoxicity of Triterpenes from Green Walnut Husks of Juglans mandshurica Maxim in HepG-2 Cancer CellsView study →}.

Antimicrobial

A Juglans regia bark extract was shown to possess significant antibacterial actions against E. coli and methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteria but had little to no effect on gram-negative bacteria ^{21Reference 21Farooqui et al. · 2015Synergistic Antimicrobial Activity of Camellia sinensis and Juglans regia against Multidrug-Resistant BacteriaView study →}. This suggests a powerful bactericidal activity of the bark extract of Juglans regia on the gram-positive bacterium, regardless of drug resistance to other antimicrobials, and particularly on Staphylococcus strains.

Hepatoprotective

Fibrogenesis of the liver is characterized as an increase in extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, which are mainly produced in the hepatic stellate cells. This buildup of proteins will lead to a degradation of the hepatic function, and can ultimately lead to death. This reversible condition is an early stage of the more severe and generally non-reversible cirrhosis ^{12Reference 12Kim et al. · 2015AnimalThe ethanolic extract of Juglans sinensis leaves and twigs attenuates CCl 4 -induced hepatic oxidative stress in ratsView study →}. Therefore, reducing the activation of these hepatic stellate cells can result in a reduction or prevention of these damaging extracellular matrix protein buildup.

Hepatic stellate cell activation can occur from viral causes such as with HCV, or from drug or other toxic substances that will increase reactive oxygen species in the liver, or cause injury to the parenchymal hepatocytes ^{12Reference 12Kim et al. · 2015AnimalThe ethanolic extract of Juglans sinensis leaves and twigs attenuates CCl 4 -induced hepatic oxidative stress in ratsView study →}.

The leaves and twigs of Juglans sinensis are known to contain the chemicals oleanene and ursane triterpenes and flavonoids, which have been found to possess therapeutic benefits towards this hepatic fibrosis in both in vitro and in vivo models ^{12,13,14,15,16Reference 12Kim et al. · 2015AnimalThe ethanolic extract of Juglans sinensis leaves and twigs attenuates CCl 4 -induced hepatic oxidative stress in ratsView study →Reference 13Bai X et al. · 2007AnimalAntioxidant and protective effect of an oleanolic acid-enriched extract of A. deliciosa root on carbon tetrachloride induced rat liver injuryReference 14Lee MK et al. · 2008Antiproliferative activity of triterpenoids from Eclipta prostrata on hepatic stellate cellsReference 15Mandal AK et al. · 2007Hepatoprotective activity of liposomal flavonoid against arsenite-induced liver fibrosisReference 16Shyu MH et al. · 2008AnimalHsian-tsao (Mesona procumbens Heml.) prevents against rat liver fibrosis induced by CCl (4) via inhibition of hepatic stellate cells activation}.

Another study was done investigating the specific effects of an ethanolic extract of the leaves and twigs of Juglans sinensis on liver injury in vivo. This study found that the extract was able to significantly reverse the pathological parameters associated with this type of liver injury. ^{12Reference 12Kim et al. · 2015AnimalThe ethanolic extract of Juglans sinensis leaves and twigs attenuates CCl 4 -induced hepatic oxidative stress in ratsView study →}.

Other studies have found that the flavonoids contained within Juglans sinensis suppress reactive oxygen species generation by inhibiting some of the enzymatic activity involved with this free radical production ^{17Reference 17Cazarolli LH et al. · 2008Flavonoids: Prospective drug candidates}.

Hypotensive

Part of the protein portion of the walnut fruit has been found to inhibit the activity of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), which has significant activity on the cardiovascular system, namely blood pressure ^{19Reference 19Liu M et al. · 2013Purification and identification of an ACE inhibitory peptide from walnut protein}.

The perfect ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are well known to exert positive effects on the cardiovascular function, including blood pressure regulation as well ^{18Reference 18Ma et al. · 2015Isolation of a novel bio-peptide from walnut residual protein inducing apoptosis and autophagy on cancer cellsView study →}.

Nutritive

The fruit of the walnut tree (AKA a walnut) provides high nutritional value. The nut contains a perfect balance of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which has been determined to be a 4:1 ratio, respectively ^{18Reference 18Ma et al. · 2015Isolation of a novel bio-peptide from walnut residual protein inducing apoptosis and autophagy on cancer cellsView study →}.

Phytochemistry

Walnut’s signature compound is juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone), the antiparasitic and antimicrobial pigment most concentrated in the green, unripe hulls. The astringent and antioxidant actions come from a heavy phenolic load — ellagitannins, ellagic acid, gallic acid and other tannins — while the aromatic leaf oil supplies terpenoids and the kernel a polyunsaturated fixed oil rich in linoleic and α-linolenic acids ^{1,4,7,18Reference 1Moravej et al. · 2016Chemical Composition and the Effect of Walnut Hydrosol in Glycemic Control of Type 1 Diabetic PatientsView study →Reference 4Amaral JS et al. · 2004Phenolic profile in the quality control of walnut (Juglans regia L.) leavesReference 7Farag MA · 2008Headspace analysis of volatile compounds in leaves from the Juglandaceae (walnut) familyReference 18Ma et al. · 2015Isolation of a novel bio-peptide from walnut residual protein inducing apoptosis and autophagy on cancer cellsView study →}.

Constituent Summary

Figures are approximate and vary by species, plant part, ripeness and origin (see “Amount” — leaf-oil components are share of the oil; kernel fatty acids are share of the fixed oil; juglone and tannins are share of the named tissue). Juglone is highest in green hulls and lowest in mature kernels.

Phenolics

Grouped by class · 7 compounds

Quinone1 compound1 with data

QuinoneJuglone~21–43 mg/100g green husk; ~5–23 mg/100g leaf ^{24Reference 24Cosmulescu et al. · 2011Juglone Content in Leaf and Green Husk of Five Walnut (Juglans regia L.) CultivarsView study →}

Tannin2 compounds1 with data

TanninTannins~10% of bark

TanninEllagitanninsNo data

Phenolic acid2 compoundsno data

Phenolic acidEllagic acidNo data

Phenolic acidGallic acidNo data

Phenolic1 compoundno data

PhenolicPolyphenolsNo data

Flavonoid1 compoundno data

FlavonoidFlavonoidsNo data

Lipids — kernel fixed oil

Kernel oil makes up roughly 54–72% of the seed ^{23Reference 23Poggetti et al. · 2018Kernel oil content and oil composition in walnut (Juglans regia L.) accessions from north-eastern ItalyView study →}.

Grouped by class · 5 compounds

Lipid5 compounds5 with data

LipidLinoleic acid~47–69% of oil ^{23Reference 23Poggetti et al. · 2018Kernel oil content and oil composition in walnut (Juglans regia L.) accessions from north-eastern ItalyView study →}

Lipidα-Linolenic acid~7–18% of oil ^{23Reference 23Poggetti et al. · 2018Kernel oil content and oil composition in walnut (Juglans regia L.) accessions from north-eastern ItalyView study →}

LipidOleic acid~10–25% of oil ^{23Reference 23Poggetti et al. · 2018Kernel oil content and oil composition in walnut (Juglans regia L.) accessions from north-eastern ItalyView study →}

LipidPalmitic acid~4–11% of oil ^{23Reference 23Poggetti et al. · 2018Kernel oil content and oil composition in walnut (Juglans regia L.) accessions from north-eastern ItalyView study →}

LipidStearic acid~1–5% of oil ^{23Reference 23Poggetti et al. · 2018Kernel oil content and oil composition in walnut (Juglans regia L.) accessions from north-eastern ItalyView study →}

Terpenoids — leaf oil & triterpenes

Grouped by class · 11 compounds

Monoterpene6 compoundsno data

Monoterpeneα-PineneNo data

Monoterpeneβ-PineneNo data

MonoterpeneLimoneneNo data

MonoterpenePiperitoneNo data

MonoterpeneThymolNo data

MonoterpeneCarvacrolNo data

Sesquiterpene3 compoundsno data

Sesquiterpeneβ-CaryophylleneNo data

SesquiterpeneGermacrene-DNo data

Sesquiterpeneγ-EudesmolNo data

Triterpene2 compoundsno data

TriterpeneUrsane triterpenesNo data

TriterpeneOleanene triterpenesNo data

The original constituent breakdown by plant part is retained below.

Leaves

Polyphenols
Volatile oils:

β-pinene ^{7Reference 7Farag MA · 2008Headspace analysis of volatile compounds in leaves from the Juglandaceae (walnut) family}
β-caryophyllene ^{7Reference 7Farag MA · 2008Headspace analysis of volatile compounds in leaves from the Juglandaceae (walnut) family}
α-pinene ^{7Reference 7Farag MA · 2008Headspace analysis of volatile compounds in leaves from the Juglandaceae (walnut) family}
Germacrene-D ^{7Reference 7Farag MA · 2008Headspace analysis of volatile compounds in leaves from the Juglandaceae (walnut) family}
Limonene ^{7Reference 7Farag MA · 2008Headspace analysis of volatile compounds in leaves from the Juglandaceae (walnut) family}
Homoveratrole ^{1Reference 1Moravej et al. · 2016Chemical Composition and the Effect of Walnut Hydrosol in Glycemic Control of Type 1 Diabetic PatientsView study →}
Piperitone ^{1Reference 1Moravej et al. · 2016Chemical Composition and the Effect of Walnut Hydrosol in Glycemic Control of Type 1 Diabetic PatientsView study →}
Thymol ^{1Reference 1Moravej et al. · 2016Chemical Composition and the Effect of Walnut Hydrosol in Glycemic Control of Type 1 Diabetic PatientsView study →}
Carvacrol ^{1Reference 1Moravej et al. · 2016Chemical Composition and the Effect of Walnut Hydrosol in Glycemic Control of Type 1 Diabetic PatientsView study →}
Eugenol ^{1Reference 1Moravej et al. · 2016Chemical Composition and the Effect of Walnut Hydrosol in Glycemic Control of Type 1 Diabetic PatientsView study →}
γ-eudesmol ^{1Reference 1Moravej et al. · 2016Chemical Composition and the Effect of Walnut Hydrosol in Glycemic Control of Type 1 Diabetic PatientsView study →}
Nonadecane ^{1Reference 1Moravej et al. · 2016Chemical Composition and the Effect of Walnut Hydrosol in Glycemic Control of Type 1 Diabetic PatientsView study →}

Nut/Husks

Juglone (5-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone) (highest in green or unripe husks)
Oil
Mucilage
Albumin
Minerals
Cellulose

Bark

Tannins (10%)
Flavonoids Organic acids Volatile oils

Clinical Applications

Walnut has a wide range of uses therapeutically. The main use for the green seed husk extracts is as an astringent and anti-parasitic for the gastrointestinal tract and the skin.

The leaves and bark of various species are useful as a hepatoprotective, to lower blood pressure, regulate blood glucose and lower cholesterol and triglycerides, all of which are closely related.

There is an increasing number of trials running with walnut as an adjunctive treatment for cancer.

Cautions & Safety

The toxicity of Juglans regia is fairly high, suggested to be 100 times higher than the dose needed to produce antimicrobial actions ^{21Reference 21Farooqui et al. · 2015Synergistic Antimicrobial Activity of Camellia sinensis and Juglans regia against Multidrug-Resistant BacteriaView study →}. Avoid this species and opt for the safer Juglans nigra (black walnut) instead.

Walnut is extremely dangerous to dogs and horses, especially the green seed husks of Juglans nigra due to the high juglone content.

Synergy

For griping mix with ginger.

For skin eruptions mix with dandelion root.

May have synergy with wormwood for its similar actions against parasitic infections.

References

Moravej, H., Salehi, A., Razavi, Z., Moein, M. R., Etemadfard, H., Karami, F., & Ghahremani, F. (2016). Chemical Composition and the Effect of Walnut Hydrosol in Glycemic Control of Type 1 Diabetic Patients. Int J Endocrinol Metab, 14(1). doi:10.5812/ijem.34726
Mohammadi J, Delaviz H, Malekzadeh JM, Roozbehi A. (2012). The effect of hydro alcoholic extract of Juglans regia leaves in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2(25):407–11.
Hosseini S, Huseini HF, Larijani B, Mohammad K, Najmizadeh A, Nourijelyani K, et al. (2014). The hypoglycemic effect of Juglans regia leaves aqueous extract in diabetic patients: A first human trial. Daru. 22(1):19. doi: 10.1186/2008-2231-22-19.
Amaral JS, Seabra RM, Andrade PB, Valentao P, Pereira JA, Ferreres F. (2004). Phenolic profile in the quality control of walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaves. Food Chem Toxicol. 88(3):373–9.
Culpeper, N. (1995). Culpeper’s complete herbal: A book of natural remedies for ancient ills. Ware, Denmark: Wordsworth Editions.
A Modern Herbal. (1931). Walnut. Retrieved from http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/w/walnut06.html
Farag MA. (2008). Headspace analysis of volatile compounds in leaves from the Juglandaceae (walnut) family. J Essent Oil Res. 20(4):323–7.
Pitschmann A, Zehl M, Atanasov AG, Dirsch VM, Heiss E, Glasl S. (2014). Walnut leaf extract inhibits PTP1B and enhances glucose-uptake in vitro. J Ethnopharm. 152(3):599–602.
Ezhumalai M, Radhiga T, Pugalendi KV. (2014). Antihyperglycemic effect of carvacrol in combination with rosiglitazone in high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetic C57BL/6J mice. Mol Cell Biochem. (385):23–31.
Almonte-Flores, D. C., Paniagua-Castro, N., Escalona-Cardoso, G., & Rosales-Castro, M. (2015). Pharmacological and Genotoxic Properties of Polyphenolic Extracts ofCedrela odorataL. andJuglans regiaL. Barks in Rodents. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, 1-8. doi:10.1155/2015/187346
A. Tahraoui, J. El-Hilaly, Z. H. Israili, and B. Lyoussi, (2007). “Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used in the traditional treatment of hypertension and diabetes in south-eastern Morocco (Errachidia province),” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 110, no. 1, pp. 105–117
Kim, Y., Yang, H., & Sung, S. (2015). The ethanolic extract of Juglans sinensis leaves and twigs attenuates CCl 4 -induced hepatic oxidative stress in rats. Pharmacognosy Magazine,11(43), 533. doi:10.4103/0973-1296.160463
Bai X, Qiu A, Guan J, Shi Z. (2007). Antioxidant and protective effect of an oleanolic acid-enriched extract of A. deliciosa root on carbon tetrachloride induced rat liver injury. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 16(Suppl 1):169–73.
Lee MK, Ha NR, Yang H, Sung SH, Kim GH, Kim YC. (2008). Antiproliferative activity of triterpenoids from Eclipta prostrata on hepatic stellate cells. Phytomedicine. 15:775–80.
Mandal AK, Das S, Basu MK, Chakrabarti RN, Das N. (2007). Hepatoprotective activity of liposomal flavonoid against arsenite-induced liver fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 320:994–1001.
Shyu MH, Kao TC, Yen GC. (2008). Hsian-tsao (Mesona procumbens Heml.) prevents against rat liver fibrosis induced by CCl (4) via inhibition of hepatic stellate cells activation. Food Chem Toxicol. 46:3707–13.
Cazarolli LH, Zanatta L, Alberton EH, Figueiredo MS, Folador P, Damazio RG, et al. (2008). Flavonoids: Prospective drug candidates. Mini Rev Med Chem. 8:1429–40.
Ma, S., Huang, D., Zhai, M., Yang, L., Peng, S., Chen, C., Xu, M. (2015). Isolation of a novel bio-peptide from walnut residual protein inducing apoptosis and autophagy on cancer cells. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 15(1). doi:10.1186/s12906-015-0940-9
Liu M, Du M, Zhang Y, Xu W, Wang C, Wang K, et al. (2013). Purification and identification of an ACE inhibitory peptide from walnut protein. J Agric Food Chem. 61(17):4097–100.
Zhou, Y., Yang, B., Liu, Z., Jiang, Y., Liu, Y., Fu, L., … Kuang, H. (2015). Cytotoxicity of Triterpenes from Green Walnut Husks of Juglans mandshurica Maxim in HepG-2 Cancer Cells. Molecules, 20(10), 19252-19262. doi:10.3390/molecules201019252
Farooqui, A., Khan, A., Borghetto, I., Kazmi, S. U., Rubino, S., & Paglietti, B. (2015). Synergistic Antimicrobial Activity of Camellia sinensis and Juglans regia against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. PLOS ONE, 10(2), e0118431. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118431
Wu, J. N. (2005). An illustrated Chinese materia medica. New York: Oxford University Press. (Pg. 364-365).
Poggetti, L., Ferfuia, C., Chiabà, C., Testolin, R., & Baldini, M. (2018). Kernel oil content and oil composition in walnut (Juglans regia L.) accessions from north-eastern Italy. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98(3), 955-962. doi:10.1002/jsfa.8542
Cosmulescu, S. N., Trandafir, I., Achim, G., & Baciu, A. (2011). Juglone Content in Leaf and Green Husk of Five Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Cultivars. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 39(1), 237-240. doi:10.15835/nbha3915728