Compound Monograph

α-Pinene

α-Pinene is a bicyclic monoterpene responsible for the fresh, pine-like aroma of many conifers and herbs.

Work in progress

Classification

α-Pinene is a monoterpene, part of the terpenoids class. The largest class of plant compounds, built from five-carbon isoprene units — the essential-oil aromatics, resins, bitter principles, saponins, and plant sterols.

Terpenoids Monoterpenes

Where Does It Come From? (16)

α-Pinene is a naturally occurring monoterpene, found in Rosemary, Angelica, Tarragon and 13 other sources. It is well tolerated orally (low toxicity).

Angelica Angelica archangelica Camu-camu Myrciaria dubia Common reed Cornflower Centaurea cyanus Damiana Turnera diffusa Fish Mint Houttuynia cordata Gotu Kola Centella asiatica Juniper Juniperus communis Muira Puama Ptychopetalum olacoides Peppermint Mentha piperita Pine Pinus spp. Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis SkullcapTarragon Walnut Juglans nigra Yarrow Achillea millefolium

Research & Evidence

α-Pinene is one of the most widely distributed terpenes in nature, a bicyclic monoterpene that gives pine, rosemary and many other plants their characteristic fresh, resinous scent. It is a major component of turpentine and of countless essential oils and is one of the volatile compounds released by coniferous forests. It has been studied for bronchodilatory and other effects and is frequently discussed as a contributor to the aroma and possible properties of herbs and cannabis.

Toxicity & Safety

α-Pinene is a common food and essential-oil constituent and is generally regarded as having low toxicity at the levels normally encountered. Like other concentrated volatile terpenes, undiluted essential oils can irritate skin and should be handled with care; oxidised pinene in particular can be a skin sensitiser.