Diallyl Trisulfide

Diallyl Trisulfide at a Glance

Diallyl trisulfide (DATS, C₆H₁₀S₃) is an oily, intensely garlic-smelling allyl polysulfide — two allyl groups bridged by a chain of three sulfur atoms. It is not present in intact garlic. It appears only after the clove is crushed and the resulting allicin breaks down, and it accumulates most heavily when that breakdown is pushed along by heat: DATS is the single largest component of steam-distilled garlic essential oil ^{18Reference 18Gong X et al. · 2021Diallyl trisulfide, the antifungal component of garlic essential oil, and the bioactivity of its nanoemulsions formed by spontaneous emulsificationView study →}.

What has made it the most-studied of garlic’s oil-soluble sulfides is chemistry rather than folklore. DATS reacts with glutathione inside cells to release hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) — now recognised as a gasotransmitter alongside nitric oxide and carbon monoxide — and it does so slowly and steadily rather than in a burst ^{1,2Reference 1Benavides GA et al. · 2007Hydrogen sulfide mediates the vasoactivity of garlicView study →Reference 2Liang D et al. · 2015Diallyl trisulfide is a fast H2S donor, but diallyl disulfide is a slow one: the reaction pathways and intermediates of glutathione with polysulfidesView study →}. That single fact reframes a large body of older “garlic is good for the heart” observation in mechanistic terms, and it is the reason DATS turns up constantly in the modern H₂S-donor literature ^{4,6Reference 4Novakovic J et al. · 2024ReviewDiallyl trisulfide and cardiovascular health: evidence and potential molecular mechanisms (review)View study →Reference 6Polhemus DJ · 2014Emergence of hydrogen sulfide as an endogenous gaseous signaling molecule in cardiovascular diseaseView study →}.

The honest posture here: the mechanism is unusually well characterised, the animal work is extensive, the cancer literature is almost entirely cell-line and rodent, and the human evidence for the isolate amounts to two small-to-mid-sized Chinese trials of the drug allitridi — not the large clinical record garlic’s reputation implies ^{5,16Reference 5Nie XM et al. · 2013RCTNie XM, et al. (2013). [Effects of allitridi capsules on endothelial function and clinical prognosis after percutaneous coronary intervention in coronary artery disease patients with diabetes mellitus] — randomized controlled trial. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24169284/View study →Reference 16Li H et al. · 2004RCTAn intervention study to prevent gastric cancer by micro-selenium and large dose of allitridum — randomized controlled trialView study →}.

Established Uses

DATS is one of the few garlic constituents with a genuine, if geographically narrow, medical-drug identity. Under the names allitridi / allitridin / allitridum, synthetic diallyl trisulfide has been manufactured and used in China as a therapeutic agent for systemic fungal and bacterial infections, including as an injectable preparation ^{21,27Reference 21Liu S et al. · 2010The antibacterial mode of action of allitridi for its potential use as a therapeutic agent against Helicobacter pylori infectionView study →Reference 27Xu XH et al. · 2012Allitridi inhibits multiple cardiac potassium channels expressed in HEK 293 cellsView study →}.

That clinical footprint is real but should not be overstated for a Western reader: it rests on a domestic pharmacopoeial tradition and a scattered Chinese-language trial literature, not on the kind of multi-centre registration programme behind a modern antifungal. Everything else here — cardioprotection, chemoprevention, antiplatelet activity — is research-stage.

The Hydrogen Sulfide Connection

This is the mechanism that carries the molecule.

For most of the twentieth century, hydrogen sulfide was understood only as a toxic gas. It is now classed as the third gasotransmitter, alongside nitric oxide and carbon monoxide: an endogenously produced signalling molecule with vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and mitochondrial-protective actions in the cardiovascular system ^{6Reference 6Polhemus DJ · 2014Emergence of hydrogen sulfide as an endogenous gaseous signaling molecule in cardiovascular diseaseView study →}.

DATS is a natural H₂S donor. In the landmark experiment, human red blood cells converted garlic-derived organic polysulfides into H₂S, measured in real time with a polarographic sensor; the conversion was supported by glucose-maintained cytosolic glutathione and depended largely on reduced thiols in or on the red-cell membrane. Intact aorta rings did the same, and — the load-bearing result — the vasorelaxation produced by each garlic compound tracked its H₂S yield ^{1Reference 1Benavides GA et al. · 2007Hydrogen sulfide mediates the vasoactivity of garlicView study →}.

Two structural features drive the reaction: the allyl substituents and, critically, the number of tethering sulfur atoms ^{1Reference 1Benavides GA et al. · 2007Hydrogen sulfide mediates the vasoactivity of garlicView study →}. The polysulfide is attacked nucleophilically by a thiol, forming a hydropolysulfide intermediate (RSₙH) that goes on to liberate H₂S. Because DATS is far more stable than the inorganic sulfide salts (NaHS, Na₂S) used as laboratory H₂S sources, it releases the gas slowly over time rather than as a spike — which is exactly the pharmacological property a therapeutic donor needs ^{4Reference 4Novakovic J et al. · 2024ReviewDiallyl trisulfide and cardiovascular health: evidence and potential molecular mechanisms (review)View study →}.

DATS vs. Diallyl Disulfide — Why the Third Sulfur Matters

The most useful comparison here is between DATS and its two-sulfur sibling, diallyl disulfide (DADS). They differ by a single atom, and that atom changes the pharmacology.

A dedicated mechanistic study put both compounds in front of glutathione and watched what happened ^{2Reference 2Liang D et al. · 2015Diallyl trisulfide is a fast H2S donor, but diallyl disulfide is a slow one: the reaction pathways and intermediates of glutathione with polysulfidesView study →}:

	Diallyl trisulfide (DATS)	Diallyl disulfide (DADS)
Reaction with GSH	Rapid thiol–disulfide exchange	Sluggish α-carbon nucleophilic substitution
Key intermediate	Allyl perthiol (reduced by GSH)	S-allyl glutathione disulfide + allyl mercaptan
H₂S released	Substantial and immediate	”A minute amount”
Verdict	A fast H₂S donor	A slow one

At 50–500 µM, DATS added to a glutathione solution produces H₂S immediately; DADS at 50 µM produces no detectable H₂S at all ^{2,4Reference 2Liang D et al. · 2015Diallyl trisulfide is a fast H2S donor, but diallyl disulfide is a slow one: the reaction pathways and intermediates of glutathione with polysulfidesView study →Reference 4Novakovic J et al. · 2024ReviewDiallyl trisulfide and cardiovascular health: evidence and potential molecular mechanisms (review)View study →}. The authors go further and argue that DADS’s long-standing reputation as an H₂S donor is an artefact — attributable to DATS impurity in DADS preparations ^{2Reference 2Liang D et al. · 2015Diallyl trisulfide is a fast H2S donor, but diallyl disulfide is a slow one: the reaction pathways and intermediates of glutathione with polysulfidesView study →}. That is a genuinely important caveat for reading the older garlic-sulfide literature, where the two compounds are often treated as interchangeable.

The same ordering shows up in unrelated assays. DATS was the most potent of diallyl sulfide, DADS and DATS at inducing the antioxidant enzymes HO-1 and NQO1 ^{10Reference 10Kim S et al. · 2014Keap1 cysteine 288 as a potential target for diallyl trisulfide-induced Nrf2 activationView study →}; it was the most effective of the three against wood-rotting fungi ^{18Reference 18Gong X et al. · 2021Diallyl trisulfide, the antifungal component of garlic essential oil, and the bioactivity of its nanoemulsions formed by spontaneous emulsificationView study →}; and antifungal potency against phytopathogenic fungi ranked DATS > DADS > diallyl sulfide ^{19Reference 19Chen Y et al. · 2024Industrial distillation fractions of garlic essential oil: design, synthesis, and antifungal activity evaluation of aliphatic substituted trisulfide derivativesView study →}. Against platelets, DATS inhibited aggregation far more potently than its saturated analogue dipropyl trisulfide, and reacted more readily with glutathione ^{8Reference 8Hosono T et al. · 2020Diallyl trisulfide inhibits platelet aggregation through the modification of sulfhydryl groupsView study →}.

The rule of thumb: more sulfurs, more reactivity, more H₂S — and allyl groups matter as much as sulfur count.

Why It Is a Garlic-Oil Compound, Not a Fresh-Garlic One

Garlic’s sulfur chemistry runs as a decay chain, and each commercial preparation freezes it at a different point.

An intact clove stores the odourless amino-acid derivative alliin. Crushing ruptures the cells, alliinase converts alliin to allicin within seconds, and allicin — highly reactive and short-lived — immediately falls apart into a family of secondary products: the lipid-soluble diallyl mono-, di- and trisulfides, the rearrangement product ajoene, and the vinyldithiins ^{4,32Reference 4Novakovic J et al. · 2024ReviewDiallyl trisulfide and cardiovascular health: evidence and potential molecular mechanisms (review)View study →Reference 32Shang A et al. · 2019ReviewBioactive compounds and biological functions of garlic (Allium sativum L.) (review)View study →}.

Which of those you end up with is decided by processing:

Preparation	Sulfur profile
Fresh crushed clove	Allicin and other thiosulfinates; DATS only transiently
Steam-distilled garlic oil	DATS-dominated — the largest single component 18Reference 18Gong X et al. · 2021Diallyl trisulfide, the antifungal component of garlic essential oil, and the bioactivity of its nanoemulsions formed by spontaneous emulsificationView study →
Oil-macerate	Vinyldithiins predominate 7Reference 7Lawson LD et al. · 1992Inhibition of whole blood platelet-aggregation by compounds in garlic clove extracts and commercial garlic productsView study →
Garlic powder	Variable; depends on drying and storage 4Reference 4Novakovic J et al. · 2024ReviewDiallyl trisulfide and cardiovascular health: evidence and potential molecular mechanisms (review)View study →
Aged garlic extract	Stable water-soluble S-allylcysteine; very little DATS 4Reference 4Novakovic J et al. · 2024ReviewDiallyl trisulfide and cardiovascular health: evidence and potential molecular mechanisms (review)View study →

This matters for reading the evidence. Lawson’s classic whole-blood platelet study quantified sixteen garlic organosulfur compounds across clove homogenates and commercial products, and found that for steam-distilled oils, most of the antiplatelet activity was due to diallyl trisulfide — while for oil-macerates it was the vinyldithiins, and an aged aqueous-alcohol product had no activity at all ^{7Reference 7Lawson LD et al. · 1992Inhibition of whole blood platelet-aggregation by compounds in garlic clove extracts and commercial garlic productsView study →}. Two “garlic supplements” can therefore have almost nothing chemically in common.

The Distillation-Artefact Question

Since DATS is not in the clove, an obvious question follows: how much of the DATS measured in garlic oil is a real plant product, and how much is manufactured by the analysis itself?

The honest answer is that the distinction is somewhat artificial, but the caution is worth holding. Steam distillation is a hot, aqueous, hours-long process, and the thiosulfinates it starts with are thermally unstable — reviews of garlic chemistry are explicit that allicin and its relatives decompose and disappear during any processing ^{31Reference 31Amagase H · 2006ReviewClarifying the real bioactive constituents of garlic (review)View study →}. Garlic “essential oil” is therefore not an oil that was sitting in the bulb waiting to be extracted; it is a decomposition product mixture generated by the extraction, and DATS is its dominant member ^{18,31Reference 18Gong X et al. · 2021Diallyl trisulfide, the antifungal component of garlic essential oil, and the bioactivity of its nanoemulsions formed by spontaneous emulsificationView study →Reference 31Amagase H · 2006ReviewClarifying the real bioactive constituents of garlic (review)View study →}.

Three practical consequences:

• A GC-MS figure for “DATS in garlic” is a figure for DATS in the distillate, not a concentration in living tissue. Quoted bulb-level numbers (around 1 mg/g) are best read as potential yield ^{38Reference 38Shukla Y · 2007ReviewCancer chemoprevention with garlic and its constituents (review)View study →}.
• Yields and ratios shift with method. Enzymatic pre-treatment of the bulb raised essential-oil yield by roughly 50% in one industrial study, and vacuum fractionation cleanly separates the mono-, di- and trisulfide fractions with distinct antifungal potencies ^{19Reference 19Chen Y et al. · 2024Industrial distillation fractions of garlic essential oil: design, synthesis, and antifungal activity evaluation of aliphatic substituted trisulfide derivativesView study →}.
• The same chemistry happens in a hot pan. Cooking crushed garlic partially preserves antiplatelet activity while cooking uncrushed cloves abolishes it — because the enzymatic step has to happen before the heat does ^{39Reference 39Cavagnaro PF et al. · 2007Effect of cooking on garlic (Allium sativum L.) antiplatelet activity and thiosulfinates contentView study →}.

None of this makes DATS less real as a pharmacological agent. It does mean it should be described as a garlic product constituent, not a garlic constituent.

What It's Used For

The evidence is unusually lopsided: outstanding mechanistic chemistry, a large and consistent rodent literature, and a thin human record confined to two Chinese trials of allitridi.

Evidence by IndicationStrength of support · Beta

Support is an experimental score — weighted by study type (human > animal > in vitro) and volume. A beta, not a validated metric. DATS has strong mechanism and heavy rodent volume but almost no human outcome data, so no row scores high. Each application links to its write-up.

01Cardiovascular / hydrogen sulfide signallingPromising46%Direct H₂S mechanism + mouse MI/R + one 120-patient RCT ^{1,3,5Reference 1Benavides GA et al. · 2007Hydrogen sulfide mediates the vasoactivity of garlicView study →Reference 3Predmore BL et al. · 2012The polysulfide diallyl trisulfide protects the ischemic myocardium by preservation of endogenous hydrogen sulfide and increasing nitric oxide bioavailabilityView study →Reference 5Nie XM et al. · 2013RCTNie XM, et al. (2013). [Effects of allitridi capsules on endothelial function and clinical prognosis after percutaneous coronary intervention in coronary artery disease patients with diabetes mellitus] — randomized controlled trial. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24169284/View study →}

02Cancer chemopreventionShaky40%Large cell/rodent body + Nrf2 mechanism; one selenium-confounded human trial ^{10,12,16Reference 10Kim S et al. · 2014Keap1 cysteine 288 as a potential target for diallyl trisulfide-induced Nrf2 activationView study →Reference 12Singh SV et al. · 2008AnimalGarlic constituent diallyl trisulfide prevents development of poorly differentiated prostate cancer and pulmonary metastasis multiplicity in TRAMP miceView study →Reference 16Li H et al. · 2004RCTAn intervention study to prevent gastric cancer by micro-selenium and large dose of allitridum — randomized controlled trialView study →}

03Antiplatelet / anticoagulantShaky34%Human whole-blood in vitro + defined thiol mechanism; no clinical endpoint ^{7,8,28Reference 7Lawson LD et al. · 1992Inhibition of whole blood platelet-aggregation by compounds in garlic clove extracts and commercial garlic productsView study →Reference 8Hosono T et al. · 2020Diallyl trisulfide inhibits platelet aggregation through the modification of sulfhydryl groupsView study →Reference 28Chan KC et al. · 2007AnimalEffect of diallyl trisulfide-rich garlic oil on blood coagulation and plasma activity of anticoagulation factors in ratsView study →}

04Antimicrobial / antifungalShaky30%In-vitro potency vs. fungi and H. pylori; clinical use in China ^{18,20,21Reference 18Gong X et al. · 2021Diallyl trisulfide, the antifungal component of garlic essential oil, and the bioactivity of its nanoemulsions formed by spontaneous emulsificationView study →Reference 20Liu WH et al. · 2008In vitroIn vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of diallyl sulphides and protocatechuic acidView study →Reference 21Liu S et al. · 2010The antibacterial mode of action of allitridi for its potential use as a therapeutic agent against Helicobacter pylori infectionView study →}

05Protection against chemical toxicantsShaky22%Rodent models only (benzene, n-hexane, cisplatin) ^{24,36,37Reference 24Jiang X et al. · 2024Diallyl trisulfide and its active metabolite allyl methyl sulfone attenuate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by inhibiting the ROS/MAPK/NF-κB pathwayView study →Reference 36Wang S et al. · 2017AnimalDiallyl trisulfide attenuated n-hexane induced neurotoxicity in rats by modulating P450 enzymesView study →Reference 37Han W et al. · 2018The protective effect of diallyl trisulfide on cytopenia induced by benzene through modulating benzene metabolismView study →}

Mechanisms

The single unifying idea: DATS is an electrophilic sulfur reagent. Nearly every entry above — H₂S release, Keap1 modification, tubulin oxidation, platelet inhibition, microbial killing — is the same reaction with a different thiol.

Pharmacokinetics

This is where the enthusiasm has to be tempered, and it is the compound page’s core value-add.

Almost none of it survives. DATS is highly lipophilic, volatile and chemically unstable; it is so rapidly cleared and metabolised on first pass that in pharmacokinetic studies no parent compound is detected after administration — only metabolites ^{26Reference 26Wang M et al. · 2025ReviewRecent research advances in multi-functional diallyl trisulfide (DATS): a comprehensive review of characteristics, metabolism, pharmacodynamics, applications, and drug delivery systemsView study →}. Its measurement is itself difficult: it degrades during sample workup unless acetonitrile is added directly to blood before centrifugation, and it evaporates if extracts are dried under nitrogen ^{25Reference 25Sun X et al. · 2006AnimalSimultaneous determination of diallyl trisulfide and diallyl disulfide in rat blood by gas chromatography with electron-capture detectionView study →}.

The metabolic cascade runs down the sulfur chain and then out through methylation and oxidation:

DATS → diallyl disulfide → allyl mercaptan → allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) → allyl methyl sulfoxide (AMSO) → allyl methyl sulfone (AMSO₂) ^{23,26Reference 23Germain E et al. · 2002AnimalIn vivo metabolism of diallyl disulphide in the rat: identification of two new metabolitesView study →Reference 26Wang M et al. · 2025ReviewRecent research advances in multi-functional diallyl trisulfide (DATS): a comprehensive review of characteristics, metabolism, pharmacodynamics, applications, and drug delivery systemsView study →}.

AMSO₂ is the terminus and the workhorse. It is the most abundant and persistent metabolite after both DADS and DATS dosing, detectable for days, peaking around 48–72 h, accumulating modestly in heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney, and excreted mainly in urine with some biliary elimination ^{23,26Reference 23Germain E et al. · 2002AnimalIn vivo metabolism of diallyl disulphide in the rat: identification of two new metabolitesView study →Reference 26Wang M et al. · 2025ReviewRecent research advances in multi-functional diallyl trisulfide (DATS): a comprehensive review of characteristics, metabolism, pharmacodynamics, applications, and drug delivery systemsView study →}. It is not inert: AMSO₂ reproduced DATS’s protection against cisplatin nephrotoxicity in kidney cells on its own ^{24Reference 24Jiang X et al. · 2024Diallyl trisulfide and its active metabolite allyl methyl sulfone attenuate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by inhibiting the ROS/MAPK/NF-κB pathwayView study →}.

What this means for the evidence. Cell-culture experiments dosing 10–100 µM DATS are not modelling what circulates in a person who takes garlic oil. The defensible reading is that DATS acts as a pro-drug — for H₂S released early in the gut, blood and tissue, and for the longer-lived allyl-sulfur metabolites that follow. Claims resting on sustained parent-compound exposure should be discounted accordingly ^{26Reference 26Wang M et al. · 2025ReviewRecent research advances in multi-functional diallyl trisulfide (DATS): a comprehensive review of characteristics, metabolism, pharmacodynamics, applications, and drug delivery systemsView study →}.

Interactions are pharmacokinetic, not just pharmacodynamic. Short- and long-term DATS pretreatment in rats markedly raised the oral bioavailability of nifedipine (higher Cmax and AUC after oral but not intravenous dosing — i.e. altered intestinal first-pass metabolism), with the authors explicitly cautioning against combining DATS-rich garlic supplements with nifedipine ^{29Reference 29Wang Y et al. · 2011AnimalEffect of diallyl trisulfide on the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine in ratsView study →}.

Garlic Breath & Allyl Methyl Sulfide

One item in that metabolic chain explains something everyone has noticed.

Ingesting garlic produces two quite different odours. The immediate one is oral: within seconds of eating 6 g of garlic, the mouth fills with methanethiol, allyl mercaptan, allyl methyl disulfide and allyl disulfide, all present at far higher concentrations in mouth air than in alveolar air ^{22Reference 22Suarez F et al. · 1999Differentiation of mouth versus gut as site of origin of odoriferous breath gases after garlic ingestionView study →}. Brushing, mouthwash and time deal with these.

The persistent one is not in the mouth at all. Allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) — the same AMS that sits mid-chain in the DATS metabolic cascade — behaves differently from every other garlic sulfur gas: its partial pressures in mouth air, alveolar air and urine are similar, marking it as systemic rather than oral in origin. By three hours after ingestion, AMS is the predominant sulfur gas in the breath ^{22Reference 22Suarez F et al. · 1999Differentiation of mouth versus gut as site of origin of odoriferous breath gases after garlic ingestionView study →}.

The reason is elegantly simple: unlike its relatives, AMS is not appreciably metabolised by the gut or the liver. Everything else is broken down on first pass; AMS is absorbed intact, circulates, and is exhaled ^{22Reference 22Suarez F et al. · 1999Differentiation of mouth versus gut as site of origin of odoriferous breath gases after garlic ingestionView study →}. Hours-later garlic breath is therefore not residue in the mouth — it is a systemic metabolite leaving through the lungs, which is also why it cannot be brushed away.

Clinical Trials

Two human trials of the isolate exist, both Chinese and both of allitridi/allitridum: a randomised post-PCI cardiovascular study (n = 120, 120 mg/day for three months, one-year MACE endpoint) ^{5Reference 5Nie XM et al. · 2013RCTNie XM, et al. (2013). [Effects of allitridi capsules on endothelial function and clinical prognosis after percutaneous coronary intervention in coronary artery disease patients with diabetes mellitus] — randomized controlled trial. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24169284/View study →}, and a double-blind gastric-cancer prevention intervention (~5,000 participants, 200 mg/day allitridum plus selenium, one month a year for three years) ^{16Reference 16Li H et al. · 2004RCTAn intervention study to prevent gastric cancer by micro-selenium and large dose of allitridum — randomized controlled trialView study →}. Neither is a Western regulatory-grade programme, and the second cannot attribute effect to DATS alone. Everything else is preclinical.

Last checked: July 2026.

Isolate vs. Plant Studies

DATS sits in an unusual position: the isolate is well studied and the whole plant is well studied, but they are studying different things.

Nearly all the pharmacology cited above — H₂S release ^{1,2Reference 1Benavides GA et al. · 2007Hydrogen sulfide mediates the vasoactivity of garlicView study →Reference 2Liang D et al. · 2015Diallyl trisulfide is a fast H2S donor, but diallyl disulfide is a slow one: the reaction pathways and intermediates of glutathione with polysulfidesView study →}, myocardial protection ^{3Reference 3Predmore BL et al. · 2012The polysulfide diallyl trisulfide protects the ischemic myocardium by preservation of endogenous hydrogen sulfide and increasing nitric oxide bioavailabilityView study →}, Nrf2 induction ^{10Reference 10Kim S et al. · 2014Keap1 cysteine 288 as a potential target for diallyl trisulfide-induced Nrf2 activationView study →}, β-tubulin oxidation ^{13Reference 13Hosono T et al. · 2005Diallyl trisulfide suppresses the proliferation and induces apoptosis of human colon cancer cells through oxidative modification of beta-tubulinView study →}, TRAMP-mouse chemoprevention ^{12Reference 12Singh SV et al. · 2008AnimalGarlic constituent diallyl trisulfide prevents development of poorly differentiated prostate cancer and pulmonary metastasis multiplicity in TRAMP miceView study →}, antifungal IC₅₀s ^{18Reference 18Gong X et al. · 2021Diallyl trisulfide, the antifungal component of garlic essential oil, and the bioactivity of its nanoemulsions formed by spontaneous emulsificationView study →} — uses purified or synthetic DATS, which is a genuine strength. The two human trials likewise used synthetic allitridum/allitridi, not a garlic extract ^{5,16Reference 5Nie XM et al. · 2013RCTNie XM, et al. (2013). [Effects of allitridi capsules on endothelial function and clinical prognosis after percutaneous coronary intervention in coronary artery disease patients with diabetes mellitus] — randomized controlled trial. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24169284/View study →Reference 16Li H et al. · 2004RCTAn intervention study to prevent gastric cancer by micro-selenium and large dose of allitridum — randomized controlled trialView study →}.

The transfer problem runs the other way. Garlic’s large human evidence base — blood pressure, lipids, gastric-cancer epidemiology — is for whole preparations whose DATS content varies enormously and, in the case of aged garlic extract, is negligible ^{4,17,31Reference 4Novakovic J et al. · 2024ReviewDiallyl trisulfide and cardiovascular health: evidence and potential molecular mechanisms (review)View study →Reference 17Kodali RT · 2015Meta-analysisMeta-analysis: does garlic intake reduce risk of gastric cancer? Nutrition and Cancer. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25411831/View study →Reference 31Amagase H · 2006ReviewClarifying the real bioactive constituents of garlic (review)View study →}. The gastric-cancer meta-analysis frequently quoted in DATS reviews measured dietary garlic intake and named the molecule only in passing ^{17Reference 17Kodali RT · 2015Meta-analysisMeta-analysis: does garlic intake reduce risk of gastric cancer? Nutrition and Cancer. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25411831/View study →}. Likewise, the classic cooking experiment showing that crushing garlic before heating preserves antiplatelet activity attributed that activity to allicin and the thiosulfinates, not specifically to DATS ^{39Reference 39Cavagnaro PF et al. · 2007Effect of cooking on garlic (Allium sativum L.) antiplatelet activity and thiosulfinates contentView study →}.

So: do not read whole-garlic trials as DATS trials, and do not read DATS mechanism studies as evidence that a garlic supplement will do the same thing. The one place they meet cleanly is Lawson’s compound-by-compound assay, which showed DATS carrying most of the antiplatelet activity of steam-distilled oil specifically ^{7Reference 7Lawson LD et al. · 1992Inhibition of whole blood platelet-aggregation by compounds in garlic clove extracts and commercial garlic productsView study →}.

Its Role in Plants

Strictly, DATS has no role in plants — it is a post-mortem product of a plant defence system, not a stored metabolite.

The system itself is elegant. Garlic stores the odourless sulfoxide alliin in the cytoplasm and the enzyme alliinase separately in the vacuole. Tissue damage — a chewing insect, a fungal hypha, a knife — mixes them, and roughly half the alliin is converted to allicin within about six seconds, releasing pyruvate and ammonia ^{4Reference 4Novakovic J et al. · 2024ReviewDiallyl trisulfide and cardiovascular health: evidence and potential molecular mechanisms (review)View study →}. Allicin is the actual chemical weapon: broadly and non-specifically toxic because it reacts with thiol groups in any protein it meets.

DATS forms in the aftermath, as that reactive thiosulfinate decays. Its persistence is arguably functional — allicin is gone in minutes, while the lipophilic di- and trisulfides linger in damaged tissue and retain antimicrobial activity ^{33Reference 33Bhatwalkar SB et al. · 2021ReviewAntibacterial properties of organosulfur compounds of garlic (Allium sativum) (review)View study →} — but this is a plausible reading, not a demonstrated ecological role. Treat the “plant defence” framing as background, not as human pharmacology.

Prevalence in Nature

DATS is characteristic of the genus Allium and, within it, overwhelmingly of garlic (Allium sativum) — but only after processing.

Garlic essential oil is its concentrated home. GC-MS analysis of a steam-distilled garlic oil gave diallyl trisulfide 39.79%, diallyl disulfide 32.91% and diallyl sulfide 7.02% — the trisulfide alone accounting for nearly 40% of the oil ^{18Reference 18Gong X et al. · 2021Diallyl trisulfide, the antifungal component of garlic essential oil, and the bioactivity of its nanoemulsions formed by spontaneous emulsificationView study →}. Figures of roughly 1 mg/g (≈0.1%) for a garlic bulb appear in the review literature and are best understood as recoverable rather than present ^{38Reference 38Shukla Y · 2007ReviewCancer chemoprevention with garlic and its constituents (review)View study →}. Aged garlic extract contains very little; garlic powders vary widely with drying and storage ^{4Reference 4Novakovic J et al. · 2024ReviewDiallyl trisulfide and cardiovascular health: evidence and potential molecular mechanisms (review)View study →}.

Related Allium species — onion, leek, chive, Chinese chive, shallot — produce analogous alk(en)yl polysulfides, but onion’s chemistry is dominated by propyl/propenyl rather than allyl compounds, so its trisulfide fraction is chemically different and DATS is at most minor there ^{32Reference 32Shang A et al. · 2019ReviewBioactive compounds and biological functions of garlic (Allium sativum L.) (review)View study →}. DATS is not a general plant metabolite: outside processed Allium material it is rare.

Major Natural Sources

Source	Material	DATS status
Garlic (Allium sativum)	Steam-distilled essential oil	~40% of the oil — the dominant component 18Reference 18Gong X et al. · 2021Diallyl trisulfide, the antifungal component of garlic essential oil, and the bioactivity of its nanoemulsions formed by spontaneous emulsificationView study →
Garlic	Oil-macerate	Present, but vinyldithiins predominate 7Reference 7Lawson LD et al. · 1992Inhibition of whole blood platelet-aggregation by compounds in garlic clove extracts and commercial garlic productsView study →
Garlic	Powder / dried	Variable, method- and storage-dependent 4Reference 4Novakovic J et al. · 2024ReviewDiallyl trisulfide and cardiovascular health: evidence and potential molecular mechanisms (review)View study →
Garlic	Aged garlic extract	Negligible; S-allylcysteine instead 4Reference 4Novakovic J et al. · 2024ReviewDiallyl trisulfide and cardiovascular health: evidence and potential molecular mechanisms (review)View study →
Garlic	Intact raw clove	Absent — precursor (alliin) only 4Reference 4Novakovic J et al. · 2024ReviewDiallyl trisulfide and cardiovascular health: evidence and potential molecular mechanisms (review)View study →
Onion and other Allium spp.	Bulb / leaf	Minor; propyl-series sulfides dominate 32Reference 32Shang A et al. · 2019ReviewBioactive compounds and biological functions of garlic (Allium sativum L.) (review)View study →

Discovery & Synthesis

The molecule arrived through flavour chemistry rather than pharmacology. Nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century analyses of distilled garlic oil established that it was a mixture of allyl sulfides differing only in the number of bridging sulfur atoms, with the di- and trisulfides the major members; a precise first-isolation date for diallyl trisulfide is not well documented in the accessible literature. Its identity as a derived compound only became clear later, once allicin was characterised as the enzymatic product of alliin and the diallyl sulfides were recognised as allicin’s decomposition products ^{4,32Reference 4Novakovic J et al. · 2024ReviewDiallyl trisulfide and cardiovascular health: evidence and potential molecular mechanisms (review)View study →Reference 32Shang A et al. · 2019ReviewBioactive compounds and biological functions of garlic (Allium sativum L.) (review)View study →}.

The name allitridi / allitridin / allitridum (also dasuansu) belongs to the pharmaceutical, not the chemical, tradition: it is the designation under which synthetic diallyl trisulfide was developed in China as a drug ^{4,27Reference 4Novakovic J et al. · 2024ReviewDiallyl trisulfide and cardiovascular health: evidence and potential molecular mechanisms (review)View study →Reference 27Xu XH et al. · 2012Allitridi inhibits multiple cardiac potassium channels expressed in HEK 293 cellsView study →}.

Synthesis is straightforward — DATS is a small symmetric molecule and is made industrially rather than extracted when purity matters; the human trials cited here specify synthetic allitridum ^{16Reference 16Li H et al. · 2004RCTAn intervention study to prevent gastric cancer by micro-selenium and large dose of allitridum — randomized controlled trialView study →}. This is one of the few plant-derived molecules where the pharmaceutical-grade material and the plant-derived material are chemically identical and equally easy to obtain.

Patents: not yet researched.

Commercial Production

Two quite different supply chains exist.

Garlic essential oil is produced by steam distillation (or hydrodistillation) of crushed cloves, yielding a small volume of intensely odorous yellow oil in which DATS is the largest component ^{18Reference 18Gong X et al. · 2021Diallyl trisulfide, the antifungal component of garlic essential oil, and the bioactivity of its nanoemulsions formed by spontaneous emulsificationView study →}. Industrial practice tunes both yield and profile: enzymatic pre-treatment of the bulb raised oil yield by around 50% in one study, and vacuum fractionation separates the mono-, di- and trisulfide fractions, which have measurably different antifungal potencies ^{19Reference 19Chen Y et al. · 2024Industrial distillation fractions of garlic essential oil: design, synthesis, and antifungal activity evaluation of aliphatic substituted trisulfide derivativesView study →}. Because the oil is a decomposition-product mixture, batch-to-batch composition is genuinely variable — a recurring problem for reproducibility in the garlic literature ^{4,31Reference 4Novakovic J et al. · 2024ReviewDiallyl trisulfide and cardiovascular health: evidence and potential molecular mechanisms (review)View study →Reference 31Amagase H · 2006ReviewClarifying the real bioactive constituents of garlic (review)View study →}.

Isolated DATS for research and pharmaceutical use is synthetic. Its practical drawbacks — water insolubility, volatility, instability to heat, light and humidity, a foul odour and rapid metabolism — have driven a substantial formulation literature: liposomes, nanoemulsions, oil-free microemulsions for intravenous delivery, and nanoparticle carriers, all aimed at stabilising it and improving delivery ^{26,18Reference 26Wang M et al. · 2025ReviewRecent research advances in multi-functional diallyl trisulfide (DATS): a comprehensive review of characteristics, metabolism, pharmacodynamics, applications, and drug delivery systemsView study →Reference 18Gong X et al. · 2021Diallyl trisulfide, the antifungal component of garlic essential oil, and the bioactivity of its nanoemulsions formed by spontaneous emulsificationView study →}.

Toxicity & Safety

DATS carries a moderate flag. This is not the profile of a gentle plant phenolic: it is a reactive, electrophilic polysulfide whose entire mechanism is the covalent modification of thiols, and it is markedly more cytotoxic than garlic’s stable water-soluble sulfur compounds — S-allylcysteine is described as roughly an order of magnitude less toxic than the diallyl sulfides. A reported acute LD₅₀ near 190 mg/kg places it well below the “essentially non-toxic” band, and the same review suggests capping adult daily DATS intake from garlic at a few hundred milligrams ^{26Reference 26Wang M et al. · 2025ReviewRecent research advances in multi-functional diallyl trisulfide (DATS): a comprehensive review of characteristics, metabolism, pharmacodynamics, applications, and drug delivery systemsView study →}.

The important framing: culinary garlic is not the concern. The cautions below apply to concentrated garlic-oil products and to isolate-level dosing.

Bleeding & Haemostasis

The clearest risk, and a direct extension of the antiplatelet mechanism. In rats, DATS-rich garlic oil at 5 and 50 mg/kg prolonged bleeding time and thrombin time and raised antithrombin III and protein C activity ^{28Reference 28Chan KC et al. · 2007AnimalEffect of diallyl trisulfide-rich garlic oil on blood coagulation and plasma activity of anticoagulation factors in ratsView study →}. At the high dose the same study found adverse haematological effects — increased plasma fibrinogen and altered erythrocyte, haemoglobin and platelet counts — and concluded that the concentration used should be carefully controlled ^{28Reference 28Chan KC et al. · 2007AnimalEffect of diallyl trisulfide-rich garlic oil on blood coagulation and plasma activity of anticoagulation factors in ratsView study →}. The practical implications carry over from garlic generally: caution with warfarin, antiplatelet agents and other anticoagulants, and the standard advice to stop concentrated garlic products 7–10 days before surgery ^{4Reference 4Novakovic J et al. · 2024ReviewDiallyl trisulfide and cardiovascular health: evidence and potential molecular mechanisms (review)View study →}.

Cardiac Ion Channels

An under-discussed signal. Allitridi (DATS) inhibits multiple human cardiac potassium channels expressed in HEK293 cells: Kv4.3 (IC₅₀ 11.4 µM) by open-channel block, plus Kv1.5 (40.2 µM), hERG (19.6 µM) and KCNQ1/KCNE1 (17.7 µM) ^{27Reference 27Xu XH et al. · 2012Allitridi inhibits multiple cardiac potassium channels expressed in HEK 293 cellsView study →}. The authors present this as the mechanism of DATS’s anti-arrhythmic effect in animal models — but hERG blockade at low micromolar concentrations is also the classic QT-prolongation / proarrhythmia signature, and deserves to be read both ways. Anyone taking a concentrated DATS product alongside an antiarrhythmic or another QT-prolonging drug is in unstudied territory.

Drug Metabolism

DATS is not metabolically neutral. Chronic and acute pretreatment raised the oral bioavailability of nifedipine in rats, apparently by altering intestinal first-pass metabolism, with an explicit caution against combining DATS-rich supplements with nifedipine ^{29Reference 29Wang Y et al. · 2011AnimalEffect of diallyl trisulfide on the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine in ratsView study →}. More concerning for the chemoprevention narrative, DATS enhanced benzo[a]pyrene-induced CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression, BaP hydroxylation and BaP–DNA adduct formation in HepG2 cells via AHR modulation ^{30Reference 30Uno S et al. · 2019Diallyl trisulfide enhances benzo[a]pyrene-induced CYP1A1 expression and metabolic activation in hepatic HepG2 cellsView study →} — i.e. under some conditions it promotes carcinogen bioactivation rather than detoxification.

Cytotoxicity, GI & General

In rat primary hepatocytes the dose-response is biphasic and narrow: at 25 µM DATS raised glutathione and phase-II enzyme activity with no cytotoxicity, but at 50 and 250 µM it caused significant LDH leakage — cell damage — within four hours ^{11Reference 11Wu CC et al. · 2004AnimalDiallyl trisulfide modulates cell viability and the antioxidation and detoxification systems of rat primary hepatocytesView study →}. Garlic and its oil are gastric and mucosal irritants at concentration, producing burning, diarrhoea and GI discomfort, and garlic dust/powder exposure is a documented cause of contact dermatitis and occupational asthma ^{4Reference 4Novakovic J et al. · 2024ReviewDiallyl trisulfide and cardiovascular health: evidence and potential molecular mechanisms (review)View study →}. Concentrated garlic-oil products also share garlic’s reported GI toxicity in combination with protease inhibitors ^{4Reference 4Novakovic J et al. · 2024ReviewDiallyl trisulfide and cardiovascular health: evidence and potential molecular mechanisms (review)View study →}.

Reproductive note (prose only). No dedicated reproductive- or developmental-toxicity dataset for isolated DATS was identified in this review; the absence of findings is not evidence of safety. Pregnancy and lactation decisions belong to the herb or product page where intake is actually decided, not to a molecule page. No comprehensive isolate genotoxicity or repeat-dose package is characterised here beyond the studies above.

Safety at a Glance

⚠️ Moderate toxicityBleeding risk

• Dietary garlic is not the issue. These cautions concern concentrated garlic-oil products and isolate-level dosing; ordinary culinary exposure is orders of magnitude lower.
• Bleeding risk. Prolongs bleeding and thrombin time in rodents and inhibits human platelet aggregation in vitro — caution with warfarin, antiplatelets and around surgery (stop 7–10 days before).
• Cardiac potassium-channel block. hERG IC₅₀ ≈ 19.6 µM in vitro, alongside Kv4.3, Kv1.5 and KCNQ1/KCNE1 — unstudied territory alongside antiarrhythmic or QT-prolonging drugs.
• Not a uniform detoxifier. Enhanced benzo[a]pyrene bioactivation and DNA-adduct formation in hepatocytes; also raised oral nifedipine exposure in rats.
• Directly cytotoxic above a narrow window. Protective at ~25 µM in hepatocytes, damaging at 50–250 µM; reported acute LD₅₀ around 190 mg/kg.
• Irritant. Garlic oil is a gastric and mucosal irritant; garlic dust/powder causes contact dermatitis and occupational asthma in exposed workers.

Dosage

There is no established human dose for isolated diallyl trisulfide, and nothing here is a recommendation. The figures below are the doses actually used in published research.

Form matters more than dose here. A “garlic supplement” delivers wildly different amounts of DATS depending on type: steam-distilled oil is DATS-rich, oil-macerates are dominated by vinyldithiins, powders vary with processing, and aged garlic extract contains almost none ^{4,7,31Reference 4Novakovic J et al. · 2024ReviewDiallyl trisulfide and cardiovascular health: evidence and potential molecular mechanisms (review)View study →Reference 7Lawson LD et al. · 1992Inhibition of whole blood platelet-aggregation by compounds in garlic clove extracts and commercial garlic productsView study →Reference 31Amagase H · 2006ReviewClarifying the real bioactive constituents of garlic (review)View study →}. A dose figure without a stated preparation is close to meaningless. These are doses studied in research and are not a personal recommendation.

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