Ginsenoside Rg3

Ginsenoside Rg3 at a Glance

Ginsenoside Rg3 is a protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type dammarane saponin and, unlike most ginsenosides, it has a genuine claim to human clinical relevance. It is the compound most consistently credited with ginseng’s anticancer signals — specifically anti-angiogenic (blocking new tumour blood vessels) and anti-metastatic activity — and it is the defined active ingredient of the Shenyi (Shen-Yi) capsule, approved in China as an adjuvant to chemotherapy ^{9Reference 9Xu T et al. · 2016Meta-analysisGinsenoside Rg3 serves as an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent and VEGF inhibitor in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis and systematic review — meta-analysis of RCTsView study →}. That regulatory status is what sets Rg3 apart from siblings like ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Rg1, whose human evidence is only ever whole-extract.

Rg3 is a minor component of raw ginseng; it is enriched when white ginseng is steamed into red ginseng, because heat dehydrates the abundant PPD saponins (Rb1, Rd) at the C20 position to yield Rg3 ^{4Reference 4Oh HM et al. · 2022Systematic reviewExperimental evidence for the anti-metastatic action of ginsenoside Rg3 — systematic review of preclinical studiesView study →}. That same reaction produces two epimers, 20(S)- and 20(R)-Rg3, which are not pharmacologically interchangeable (see below).

The standing caveat for the whole ginsenoside family applies here too: Rg3 is a large, polar saponin that is poorly absorbed by mouth, is a P-glycoprotein substrate, and is partly deglycosylated by gut bacteria toward the more lipophilic aglycone-side metabolite ginsenoside Rh2 ^{12Reference 12Fan H et al. · 2016AnimalComparative pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rg3 and ginsenoside Rh2 after oral administration of ginsenoside Rg3 in normal and Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats — animal model pharmacokineticsView study →}. Rg3 is itself partly a metabolite — of both food processing and gut flora — so the “isolate vs. plant vs. metabolite” framing matters throughout.

Ginsenoside Rg3 in Oncology

Rg3’s oncology story rests on two mechanistically coherent, well-mapped actions plus a real, if regionally-limited, human dataset.

Anti-angiogenesis (the flagship mechanism). Isolated Rg3 is a potent suppressor of tumour blood-vessel formation. In the foundational study, 20(R)-Rg3 inhibited proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with an IC50 near 10 nM and dose-dependently blocked capillary-tube formation with or without VEGF present ^{1Reference 1Yue PYK et al. · 2006In vitroThe angiosuppressive effects of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 — in vitro (HUVEC) and mechanistic studyView study →}. In vivo, Rg3 lowers VEGF expression and microvessel density — for example in gastric precancerous lesions, where it downregulated VEGF alongside the glucose transporters Glut1 and Glut4 ^{8Reference 8Zeng Z et al. · 2022AnimalGinsenoside Rg3 inhibits angiogenesis in gastric precancerous lesions through downregulation of Glut1 and Glut4 — animal modelView study →}. This anti-VEGF action is the mechanistic thread that ties the isolated-molecule work to the human trials below, where Rg3 also measurably lowered circulating VEGF ^{9Reference 9Xu T et al. · 2016Meta-analysisGinsenoside Rg3 serves as an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent and VEGF inhibitor in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis and systematic review — meta-analysis of RCTsView study →}.

Anti-metastasis. The earliest defining work (1995) showed that both 20(R)- and 20(S)-Rg3 from red ginseng inhibited experimental lung metastasis of B16-BL6 melanoma and colon-26 carcinoma in mice, by reducing tumour-cell adhesion to fibronectin/laminin and invasion through basement membrane ^{3Reference 3Mochizuki M et al. · 1995AnimalInhibitory effect of tumor metastasis in mice by saponins, ginsenoside-Rb2, 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3, of red ginseng — animal modelView study →}. A 2022 systematic review of the preclinical anti-metastatic literature found this to be one of the most reproducible ginsenoside signals, spanning multiple cancer types and models ^{4Reference 4Oh HM et al. · 2022Systematic reviewExperimental evidence for the anti-metastatic action of ginsenoside Rg3 — systematic review of preclinical studiesView study →}.

The Shenyi adjuvant — where genuine human Rg3 data exists. In China, Rg3 is formulated as the Shenyi capsule and given alongside chemotherapy, chiefly for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Several meta-analyses of Chinese randomised trials report that adding Rg3 to chemotherapy improves response and disease-control rates, quality of life, and survival while reducing chemotherapy toxicity: one pooled 20 trials (1,315 patients) and found a response-rate risk ratio of 1.55, a disease-control RR of 1.28, and an overall-survival hazard ratio of 0.72, with a significant drop in VEGF expression ^{9Reference 9Xu T et al. · 2016Meta-analysisGinsenoside Rg3 serves as an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent and VEGF inhibitor in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis and systematic review — meta-analysis of RCTsView study →}; a larger synthesis of 22 trials (2,202 patients) reached concordant conclusions on efficacy and toxicity reduction ^{10Reference 10Peng Z et al. · 2020Meta-analysisThe efficacy of ginsenoside Rg3 combined with first-line chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials — meta-analysisView study →}; and a third (12 trials, 1,008 patients) found consistent improvements in T-cell and NK-cell immune measures ^{11Reference 11Gao S et al. · 2023Meta-analysisThe effect of ginsenoside Rg3 combined with chemotherapy on immune function in non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials — meta-analysisView study →}. These are the strongest human data for any single ginsenoside — with the honest caveat that the trials are almost entirely Chinese, of variable methodological quality, and test Rg3 as an add-on rather than a monotherapy.

20(S) vs 20(R)-Rg3

Steaming and heat-processing create Rg3 as a mixture of both C20 epimers, and they behave differently — a detail most “Rg3” claims gloss over. In the 20(S) form the C20 and C12 hydroxyls sit close together; in 20(R) they are far apart and the side chain is more flexible. That single stereocentre changes targets and potency:

• PPARγ. 20(S)-Rg3 is a roughly 10-fold stronger PPARγ agonist than 20(R)-Rg3, because only the 20(S) chiral centre forms a key hydrogen bond with Tyr473 of the PPARγ ligand-binding domain — and the two epimers therefore modulate angiogenesis differently through this receptor ^{2Reference 2Kwok HH et al. · 2012In vitroStereoisomers ginsenosides-20(S)-Rg3 and -20(R)-Rg3 differentially induce angiogenesis through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma — in vitroView study →}.
• Ion channels. 20(S)-Rg3, but not 20(R), inhibits voltage-gated Ca²⁺, K⁺ and Na⁺ currents in a dose- and voltage-dependent way ^{2Reference 2Kwok HH et al. · 2012In vitroStereoisomers ginsenosides-20(S)-Rg3 and -20(R)-Rg3 differentially induce angiogenesis through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma — in vitroView study →}.
• Anticancer potency can invert. Stereoselectivity is not uniform: in a triple-negative breast-cancer model, 20(S)-Rg3 drove G0/G1 arrest and anti-proliferation, whereas 20(R)-Rg3 was the more potent inhibitor of migration and invasion — the authors concluded the two epimers “should be considered as separate drug candidates” ^{14Reference 14Nakhjavani M et al. · 2019In vitroStereoselective anti-cancer activities of ginsenoside Rg3 on triple negative breast cancer cell models — in vitroView study →}.

Practically, this means the epimer ratio of a red-ginseng preparation or an Rg3 product is a real variable, and preclinical results indexed to “Rg3” without a stated stereochemistry are ambiguous.

What It's Used For

The evidence machinery below grades Rg3’s applications. The unusual feature versus other ginsenosides is that the top-ranked application rests partly on human data (the Shenyi trials), not solely on isolate-in-rodent work.

Evidence by IndicationStrength of support · Beta

Support is an experimental score — weighted by study type (human > animal > in vitro) and volume, tempered for isolate-vs-plant match and bioavailability. A beta, not a validated metric. Each application links to its write-up.

01NSCLC Chemotherapy AdjuvantPromising52%Meta-analyses of Chinese RCTs of the Shenyi (Rg3) capsule as an add-on; human, but add-on-only and variable quality ^{9,10,11Reference 9Xu T et al. · 2016Meta-analysisGinsenoside Rg3 serves as an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent and VEGF inhibitor in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis and systematic review — meta-analysis of RCTsView study →Reference 10Peng Z et al. · 2020Meta-analysisThe efficacy of ginsenoside Rg3 combined with first-line chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials — meta-analysisView study →Reference 11Gao S et al. · 2023Meta-analysisThe effect of ginsenoside Rg3 combined with chemotherapy on immune function in non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials — meta-analysisView study →}

02Anti-AngiogenesisShaky42%Isolated Rg3, HUVEC + rodent; VEGF/VEGFR2 well-mapped; corroborated by falling VEGF in the human trials ^{1,8,9Reference 1Yue PYK et al. · 2006In vitroThe angiosuppressive effects of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 — in vitro (HUVEC) and mechanistic studyView study →Reference 8Zeng Z et al. · 2022AnimalGinsenoside Rg3 inhibits angiogenesis in gastric precancerous lesions through downregulation of Glut1 and Glut4 — animal modelView study →Reference 9Xu T et al. · 2016Meta-analysisGinsenoside Rg3 serves as an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent and VEGF inhibitor in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis and systematic review — meta-analysis of RCTsView study →}

03Anti-MetastasisShaky40%Isolated Rg3 in mouse metastasis models + a preclinical systematic review; no isolated-Rg3 metastasis RCT ^{3,4,6Reference 3Mochizuki M et al. · 1995AnimalInhibitory effect of tumor metastasis in mice by saponins, ginsenoside-Rb2, 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3, of red ginseng — animal modelView study →Reference 4Oh HM et al. · 2022Systematic reviewExperimental evidence for the anti-metastatic action of ginsenoside Rg3 — systematic review of preclinical studiesView study →Reference 6Tian L et al. · 2016In vitroGinsenoside Rg3 inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion of lung cancer by down-regulating FUT4 — in vitro and animal modelView study →}

04Direct Tumour-Cell ApoptosisShaky32%Isolated Rg3 in cancer cell lines + xenografts; mechanism-level (Wnt/β-catenin, intrinsic apoptosis) ^{5,7Reference 5He BC et al. · 2011In vitroGinsenoside Rg3 inhibits colorectal tumor growth through the down-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling — in vitro (HCT116) and nude-mouse xenograftView study →Reference 7Jiang JW et al. · 2011In vitroGinsenoside Rg3 inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma growth via intrinsic apoptotic pathway — in vitroView study →}

Mechanisms

Pharmacokinetics

Poor oral bioavailability is the load-bearing PK fact, as it is for every ginsenoside: naturally-occurring ginsenosides are generally absorbed at under 10% in rodents, and Rg3 — a large, polar, di-glycosylated saponin — is no exception ^{12Reference 12Fan H et al. · 2016AnimalComparative pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rg3 and ginsenoside Rh2 after oral administration of ginsenoside Rg3 in normal and Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats — animal model pharmacokineticsView study →}. Two things compound this. First, Rg3 is a P-glycoprotein substrate: co-dosing the P-gp inhibitor verapamil raises its intestinal and plasma levels, meaning efflux actively limits absorption. Second, gut bacteria progressively deglycosylate Rg3 toward ginsenoside Rh2 and the protopanaxadiol aglycone, and Rh2 appears in plasma after oral Rg3 dosing — so part of the “active” exposure is to a metabolite ^{12Reference 12Fan H et al. · 2016AnimalComparative pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rg3 and ginsenoside Rh2 after oral administration of ginsenoside Rg3 in normal and Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats — animal model pharmacokineticsView study →}. Rg3 is itself downstream of both food processing (steaming) and microbial conversion of parent PPD saponins ^{13Reference 13Wang CZ et al. · 2018AnimalAmerican ginseng microbial metabolites attenuate DSS-induced colitis and abdominal pain — animal modelView study →}. The two epimers are absorbed and cleared differently, so a stated oral dose maps loosely onto delivered exposure of any one active species.

Clinical Trials

Unlike its siblings, Rg3 has been given to humans as a defined isolate — as the Shenyi capsule, mostly in Chinese oncology RCTs pooled by the meta-analyses above ^{9,10,11Reference 9Xu T et al. · 2016Meta-analysisGinsenoside Rg3 serves as an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent and VEGF inhibitor in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis and systematic review — meta-analysis of RCTsView study →Reference 10Peng Z et al. · 2020Meta-analysisThe efficacy of ginsenoside Rg3 combined with first-line chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials — meta-analysisView study →Reference 11Gao S et al. · 2023Meta-analysisThe effect of ginsenoside Rg3 combined with chemotherapy on immune function in non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials — meta-analysisView study →}. What is missing is high-rigour, non-Chinese confirmation and any monotherapy trial.

Last checked: July 2026.

Isolate vs. Plant Studies

Rg3 is the rare ginsenoside where isolated-molecule human data genuinely exist: the Shenyi capsule is standardised Rg3, so its NSCLC trials test the isolate (as a chemotherapy add-on), not a whole extract ^{9,10,11Reference 9Xu T et al. · 2016Meta-analysisGinsenoside Rg3 serves as an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent and VEGF inhibitor in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis and systematic review — meta-analysis of RCTsView study →Reference 10Peng Z et al. · 2020Meta-analysisThe efficacy of ginsenoside Rg3 combined with first-line chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials — meta-analysisView study →Reference 11Gao S et al. · 2023Meta-analysisThe effect of ginsenoside Rg3 combined with chemotherapy on immune function in non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials — meta-analysisView study →}. That is a real strength relative to Rb1 and Rg1, whose human reputations rest entirely on whole-Panax extracts. The preclinical anti-angiogenesis, anti-metastasis and apoptosis work is likewise almost all isolated Rg3 (often a specified epimer), in cells or rodents ^{1,3,5,7Reference 1Yue PYK et al. · 2006In vitroThe angiosuppressive effects of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 — in vitro (HUVEC) and mechanistic studyView study →Reference 3Mochizuki M et al. · 1995AnimalInhibitory effect of tumor metastasis in mice by saponins, ginsenoside-Rb2, 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3, of red ginseng — animal modelView study →Reference 5He BC et al. · 2011In vitroGinsenoside Rg3 inhibits colorectal tumor growth through the down-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling — in vitro (HCT116) and nude-mouse xenograftView study →Reference 7Jiang JW et al. · 2011In vitroGinsenoside Rg3 inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma growth via intrinsic apoptotic pathway — in vitroView study →}.

Two honest qualifiers keep this from being overstated. First, in normal ginseng tea or capsules Rg3 is a minor constituent — most whole-ginseng benefit cannot be attributed to it. Second, because Rg3 is poorly absorbed and partly converted to Rh2, some in-vivo activity of an oral dose may actually belong to the metabolite, not the parent ^{12Reference 12Fan H et al. · 2016AnimalComparative pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rg3 and ginsenoside Rh2 after oral administration of ginsenoside Rg3 in normal and Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats — animal model pharmacokineticsView study →}.

Prevalence in Nature

Rg3 occurs across the Panax genus — Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng), American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) and notoginseng (Panax notoginseng) — but it is a minor saponin in the raw root. Its defining feature is that it is enriched by heat: steaming white ginseng into red ginseng (or puffing/red-processing American ginseng) dehydrates the abundant PPD saponins Rb1 and Rd at C20, generating Rg3 as a mix of 20(S) and 20(R) epimers ^{4Reference 4Oh HM et al. · 2022Systematic reviewExperimental evidence for the anti-metastatic action of ginsenoside Rg3 — systematic review of preclinical studiesView study →}. It is therefore one of the ginsenosides that most sharply separates red/processed ginseng from raw white ginseng, and it also arises endogenously as a gut-microbial deglycosylation product of the same parent saponins ^{13Reference 13Wang CZ et al. · 2018AnimalAmerican ginseng microbial metabolites attenuate DSS-induced colitis and abdominal pain — animal modelView study →}.

Source	Part / form	Rg3 status
Red ginseng (Panax ginseng, steamed)	Root	Enriched vs. raw root — the classic Rg3 source
Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng, raw)	Root	Minor / trace
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)	Root (esp. steamed/puffed)	Minor raw; enriched by red-processing
Notoginseng (Panax notoginseng)	Root	Present; enriched by processing
Human gut (microbial metabolism)	—	Formed from PPD saponins (Rb1, Rd)

Quantitative % dry-weight figures specific to Rg3 (and the split between the two epimers) vary widely with processing conditions and are not yet pinned to a primary assay here — logged in the gaps tracker.

Discovery & Synthesis

Rg3 was characterised as a saponin of red (steamed) ginseng, and its landmark biological description is the 1995 report by Mochizuki and colleagues that both the 20(R)- and 20(S)-epimers inhibit experimental tumour metastasis in mice ^{3Reference 3Mochizuki M et al. · 1995AnimalInhibitory effect of tumor metastasis in mice by saponins, ginsenoside-Rb2, 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3, of red ginseng — animal modelView study →} — the study that launched the anticancer ginsenoside programme and, ultimately, the Shenyi capsule.

There is no need for a de-novo total synthesis in practice: Rg3 is manufactured from ginseng itself. The dominant route is thermal processing — steaming or heat-treating ginseng (or a PPD-saponin-rich fraction) to dehydrate Rb1/Rd at C20 — followed by chromatographic isolation; acid or enzymatic hydrolysis of the parent saponins achieves the same conversion. Because dehydration creates a new stereocentre, every route yields both epimers, and their ratio depends on processing conditions, which is why standardised Rg3 products specify epimer content.

Patents: not yet researched.

Toxicity & Safety

Rg3 is regarded as low in toxicity. In the NSCLC RCTs it was not merely tolerated but reduced chemotherapy-associated toxicity (bone-marrow suppression, GI reactions), and its poor systemic absorption keeps parent-molecule exposure low ^{9,10Reference 9Xu T et al. · 2016Meta-analysisGinsenoside Rg3 serves as an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent and VEGF inhibitor in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis and systematic review — meta-analysis of RCTsView study →Reference 10Peng Z et al. · 2020Meta-analysisThe efficacy of ginsenoside Rg3 combined with first-line chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials — meta-analysisView study →}. It is among the better-tolerated ginsenosides in animal work.

The meaningful cautions are pharmacological rather than acute. Rg3’s headline action is anti-angiogenic — desirable against a tumour, but angiogenesis is also required for wound healing and normal pregnancy, so an anti-angiogenic saponin is theoretically the wrong thing in those settings (a general reason to avoid concentrated ginsenoside products in pregnancy; the decision belongs on the herb/supplement page, not here). Standard whole-ginseng cautions also apply by extension: possible additive effects with anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs and with glucose-lowering therapy. No dedicated human drug-interaction studies of isolated Rg3 exist, so absence of a reported interaction is not evidence of safety.

Safety at a Glance

✅ Low / no toxicity

• Low acute toxicity; well tolerated as an add-on in the NSCLC trials, where it reduced chemotherapy side-effects ^{9,10Reference 9Xu T et al. · 2016Meta-analysisGinsenoside Rg3 serves as an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent and VEGF inhibitor in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis and systematic review — meta-analysis of RCTsView study →Reference 10Peng Z et al. · 2020Meta-analysisThe efficacy of ginsenoside Rg3 combined with first-line chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials — meta-analysisView study →}
• Very low systemic exposure from oral dosing (poor absorption, P-gp efflux) limits off-target reach ^{12Reference 12Fan H et al. · 2016AnimalComparative pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rg3 and ginsenoside Rh2 after oral administration of ginsenoside Rg3 in normal and Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats — animal model pharmacokineticsView study →}
• Anti-angiogenic activity is therapeutically double-edged — plausibly unwanted where new blood vessels are needed (wound healing, pregnancy) ^{1Reference 1Yue PYK et al. · 2006In vitroThe angiosuppressive effects of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 — in vitro (HUVEC) and mechanistic studyView study →}
• Theoretical additive effects with anticoagulant/antiplatelet and glucose-lowering drugs; no isolated-Rg3 human interaction data

Dosage

There is no single established human dose of isolated Rg3 for general use. In the oncology literature it is given as the Shenyi capsule alongside chemotherapy, dosed on a fixed twice-daily schedule in the pooled NSCLC trials; the exact per-capsule Rg3 content varied across trials and is not standardised here ^{9,10Reference 9Xu T et al. · 2016Meta-analysisGinsenoside Rg3 serves as an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent and VEGF inhibitor in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis and systematic review — meta-analysis of RCTsView study →Reference 10Peng Z et al. · 2020Meta-analysisThe efficacy of ginsenoside Rg3 combined with first-line chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials — meta-analysisView study →}. The preclinical figures are experimental exposures, not human doses — the defining anti-metastasis work used 100 µg/mouse by intravenous injection (chosen specifically to bypass poor oral uptake) ^{3Reference 3Mochizuki M et al. · 1995AnimalInhibitory effect of tumor metastasis in mice by saponins, ginsenoside-Rb2, 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3, of red ginseng — animal modelView study →}, and tumour-growth studies used mg/kg xenograft dosing ^{5,7Reference 5He BC et al. · 2011In vitroGinsenoside Rg3 inhibits colorectal tumor growth through the down-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling — in vitro (HCT116) and nude-mouse xenograftView study →Reference 7Jiang JW et al. · 2011In vitroGinsenoside Rg3 inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma growth via intrinsic apoptotic pathway — in vitroView study →}.

Because oral Rg3 is poorly absorbed, is effluxed by P-glycoprotein, and is partly converted to Rh2 before it acts, an oral milligram figure does not map cleanly onto delivered exposure of any one active epimer or metabolite ^{12Reference 12Fan H et al. · 2016AnimalComparative pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rg3 and ginsenoside Rh2 after oral administration of ginsenoside Rg3 in normal and Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats — animal model pharmacokineticsView study →}. These are doses studied in research and are not a personal recommendation.

References

1. Yue PYK, Wong DYL, Wu PK, et al. (2006). The angiosuppressive effects of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 — in vitro (HUVEC) and mechanistic study. Biochemical Pharmacology, 72(4), 437–445. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16793023/
2. Kwok HH, Guo GL, Lau JKC, et al. (2012). Stereoisomers ginsenosides-20(S)-Rg3 and -20(R)-Rg3 differentially induce angiogenesis through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma — in vitro. Biochemical Pharmacology, 83(7), 893–902. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22234331/
3. Mochizuki M, Yoo YC, Matsuzawa K, et al. (1995). Inhibitory effect of tumor metastasis in mice by saponins, ginsenoside-Rb2, 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3, of red ginseng — animal model. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 18(9), 1197–1202. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8845804/
4. Oh HM, Cho CK, Son CG. (2022). Experimental evidence for the anti-metastatic action of ginsenoside Rg3 — systematic review of preclinical studies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(16), 9077. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36012338/
5. He BC, Gao JL, Luo X, et al. (2011). Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits colorectal tumor growth through the down-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling — in vitro (HCT116) and nude-mouse xenograft. International Journal of Oncology, 38(2), 437–445. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21152855/
6. Tian L, Shen D, Li X, et al. (2016). Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion of lung cancer by down-regulating FUT4 — in vitro and animal model. Oncotarget, 7(2), 1619–1632. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26636541/
7. Jiang JW, Chen XM, Chen XH, Zheng SS. (2011). Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma growth via intrinsic apoptotic pathway — in vitro. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 17(31), 3605–3613. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21987607/
8. Zeng Z, Nian Q, Chen N, et al. (2022). Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits angiogenesis in gastric precancerous lesions through downregulation of Glut1 and Glut4 — animal model. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 145, 112086. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34799220/
9. Xu T, Jin Z, Yuan Y, et al. (2016). Ginsenoside Rg3 serves as an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent and VEGF inhibitor in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis and systematic review — meta-analysis of RCTs. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016, 7826753. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27800005/
10. Peng Z, Wu WW, Yi P. (2020). The efficacy of ginsenoside Rg3 combined with first-line chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials — meta-analysis. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, 630825. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33815097/
11. Gao S, Fang C, Wang T, et al. (2023). The effect of ginsenoside Rg3 combined with chemotherapy on immune function in non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials — meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 102(14), e33463. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37026927/
12. Fan H, Sun XL, Su YL, et al. (2016). Comparative pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rg3 and ginsenoside Rh2 after oral administration of ginsenoside Rg3 in normal and Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats — animal model pharmacokinetics. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 12(45), 21–24. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27019557/
13. Wang CZ, Yao H, Zhang CF, et al. (2018). American ginseng microbial metabolites attenuate DSS-induced colitis and abdominal pain — animal model. International Immunopharmacology, 64, 246–251. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30212750/
14. Nakhjavani M, Palethorpe HM, Tomita Y, et al. (2019). Stereoselective anti-cancer activities of ginsenoside Rg3 on triple negative breast cancer cell models — in vitro. Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 12(3), 117. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31374984/

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