Isoverbascoside

Isoverbascoside at a Glance

Isoverbascoside — almost always called isoacteoside in the pharmacology literature — is a caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycoside and the positional isomer of verbascoside (acteoside). Chemically the two are identical except for where the caffeic-acid ester sits on the central glucose: in verbascoside it is attached at the 4′ position, and in isoverbascoside it has migrated to the 6′ position. That single migration is the whole story of this molecule.

Because the reactive parts of the structure — two catechol (dihydroxyphenyl) groups on a caffeic acid and a hydroxytyrosol unit — are unchanged, isoverbascoside carries essentially the same antioxidant and anti-inflammatory chemistry as verbascoside, and the two are usually studied side by side. Isoverbascoside is frequently the less abundant partner in fresh plant tissue and is generated from verbascoside when material is heated, stored or deliberately processed (for example in braised Rehmannia) and, in the body, by isomerisation in the liver ^{1,5Reference 1Xiao Y et al. · 2022ReviewThe pharmacokinetic property and pharmacological activity of acteoside: a review — reviewView study →Reference 5Feng B et al. · 2018AnimalSimultaneous determination of savaside A, acteoside, and isoacteoside in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS: comparative pharmacokinetic and bioavailability characteristics of Monochasma savatieri via different routes of administration — rat pharmacokineticsView study →}.

Like its isomer, isoverbascoside is very poorly absorbed orally ^{5Reference 5Feng B et al. · 2018AnimalSimultaneous determination of savaside A, acteoside, and isoacteoside in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS: comparative pharmacokinetic and bioavailability characteristics of Monochasma savatieri via different routes of administration — rat pharmacokineticsView study →}, so nearly every isolated-molecule finding here is in vitro or in rodents, and there is no human trial of the isolated compound.

Isoverbascoside vs. Verbascoside

This is the section the page exists for: isoverbascoside is defined entirely by its relationship to verbascoside, and the differences between the two isomers are small but real.

The structural difference. Both molecules are a caffeic-acid ester and a hydroxytyrosol aglycone hung on a rhamnose–glucose disaccharide. They differ only in the position of the caffeoyl ester on the glucose — the 4′-O position in verbascoside (acteoside) versus the 6′-O position in isoverbascoside (isoacteoside). Chemists routinely resolve and quantify the pair together by HPLC/UHPLC ^{4,5Reference 4Li L et al. · 2005Isolation and purification of acteoside and isoacteoside from Plantago psyllium L. by high-speed counter-current chromatography — isolationView study →Reference 5Feng B et al. · 2018AnimalSimultaneous determination of savaside A, acteoside, and isoacteoside in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS: comparative pharmacokinetic and bioavailability characteristics of Monochasma savatieri via different routes of administration — rat pharmacokineticsView study →}.

Isoverbascoside is often a processing/aging artefact of verbascoside. The 4′→6′ acyl migration happens under heat and time, so isoverbascoside tends to accumulate as verbascoside is consumed — it is used as a quality marker in processed Rehmannia (braised Rehmanniae Radix), where its level tracks the degree of processing ^{6Reference 6Wang Y et al. · 2022Wang Y, et al. (2022). [Optimization of processing technology of braised Rehmanniae Radix] — isoacteoside as processing marker. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36164902/View study →}, and it is a signature constituent of the processed rather than fresh root ^{3Reference 3Zhang R et al. · 2022Zhang R, et al. (2022). [Study on mechanism of Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata] — processed-root constituent analysis (isoacteoside among markers). Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36472041/View study →}. In pharmacokinetic work the same isomerisation is seen in vivo, mainly in the liver ^{5Reference 5Feng B et al. · 2018AnimalSimultaneous determination of savaside A, acteoside, and isoacteoside in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS: comparative pharmacokinetic and bioavailability characteristics of Monochasma savatieri via different routes of administration — rat pharmacokineticsView study →}.

Where they diverge biologically. Despite the near-identical structure, the isomers are not interchangeable in every assay. Isoverbascoside is about twice as strong a Fe²⁺ chelator and lipid-peroxidation inhibitor as verbascoside in a direct head-to-head ^{7Reference 7Li J et al. · 1997In vitroAntioxidative and chelating activities of phenylpropanoid glycosides from Pedicularis striata — in vitro (isoverbascoside vs verbascoside)View study →}. In an amyloid-β Alzheimer’s model, isoacteoside’s memory-improving and cytoprotective effects exceeded acteoside’s, and only isoacteoside restored cortical/hippocampal dopamine and exploratory behaviour ^{8Reference 8Shiao YJ et al. · 2017In vitroActeoside and isoacteoside protect amyloid β peptide induced cytotoxicity, cognitive deficit and neurochemical disturbances in vitro and in vivo — rat + SH-SY5YView study →}. Conversely, isoverbascoside’s oral bioavailability is slightly lower than acteoside’s (acteoside > isoacteoside in a four-route rat comparison), so its in-vivo advantage in a cuvette does not straightforwardly carry to an oral dose ^{5Reference 5Feng B et al. · 2018AnimalSimultaneous determination of savaside A, acteoside, and isoacteoside in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS: comparative pharmacokinetic and bioavailability characteristics of Monochasma savatieri via different routes of administration — rat pharmacokineticsView study →}.

What It's Used For

Isoverbascoside’s evidence is a smaller, mostly more recent version of verbascoside’s: strong isolate antioxidant chemistry, a handful of isolate rodent studies in neuroinflammation and organ injury, and the same bioavailability ceiling over all of it.

Neuroprotection is the best-developed isolate signal.Given to rats, isoacteoside ameliorated amyloid-β-induced cognitive deficit and cytotoxicity — outperforming acteoside — by blocking amyloid oligomerisation and deposition and restoring cholinergic and dopaminergic function ^{8Reference 8Shiao YJ et al. · 2017In vitroActeoside and isoacteoside protect amyloid β peptide induced cytotoxicity, cognitive deficit and neurochemical disturbances in vitro and in vivo — rat + SH-SY5YView study →}; a separate mouse study shows isoacteoside easing LPS-induced depressive behaviour by steering microglia from an M1 to an M2 phenotype via CREB/BDNF ^{9Reference 9Bi J et al. · 2025AnimalIsoacteoside alleviates LPS-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice by inhibiting neuroinflammation through regulating microglial polarization and oxidative stress — mouse modelView study →}, and systems-pharmacology work ties it to p62/mTOR autophagy in Alzheimer’s ^{2Reference 2Han X et al. · 2025Systems pharmacology identifies ajugol-mediated NF-κB/caspase-3 inhibition and isoacteoside-driven p62/mTOR-mediated autophagy as key mechanisms of Rehmanniae Radix and its processed form in Alzheimer’s treatmentView study →}.

Anti-inflammatory / organ-protective in rodents.Isolated isoacteoside reduced acute kidney injury in rat severe-acute-pancreatitis and LPS models, in both cases through TLR4 / NF-κB suppression ^{10,11Reference 10Wang B et al. · 2021AnimalIsoacteoside attenuates acute kidney injury induced by severe acute pancreatitis — rat model (TLR4/NF-κB)View study →Reference 11Lian Y et al. · 2024AnimalActeoside and isoacteoside alleviate renal dysfunction and inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injuries through inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway — rodent modelView study →}.

Antioxidant chemistry is its signature.As an isolate it scavenges ROS and DPPH, blocks lipid peroxidation and protects cells from H₂O₂ ^{12Reference 12Chae S et al. · 2005In vitroAntioxidant activity of isoacteoside from Clerodendron trichotomum — in vitro (V79-4 cells)View study →}, and it is a ~2× stronger Fe²⁺ chelator than verbascoside ^{7Reference 7Li J et al. · 1997In vitroAntioxidative and chelating activities of phenylpropanoid glycosides from Pedicularis striata — in vitro (isoverbascoside vs verbascoside)View study →}.

The caveat that reframes everything:oral bioavailability is very poor (the phenylethanoid glycosides are hydrolysed before absorption and cleared fast), so potent in-vitro concentrations are not reachable from an oral dose and there is no isolated-molecule human trial ^{5Reference 5Feng B et al. · 2018AnimalSimultaneous determination of savaside A, acteoside, and isoacteoside in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS: comparative pharmacokinetic and bioavailability characteristics of Monochasma savatieri via different routes of administration — rat pharmacokineticsView study →}.

Evidence by IndicationStrength of support · Beta

Support is an experimental score — weighted by study type (human > animal > in vitro) and volume, tempered for isolate-vs-plant match and bioavailability. A beta, not a validated metric. Every finding here is isolate in-vitro or rodent; each row links to its write-up.

The deepest isolate signal, and the place isoverbascoside pulls ahead of its isomer. In amyloid-β (Aβ 1-42)-infused rats and Aβ-treated SH-SY5Y cells, isolated acteoside and isoacteoside ameliorated cognitive deficits, decreased amyloid deposition, promoted Aβ degradation and inhibited Aβ oligomerisation — and the memory-improving and cytoprotective effects of isoacteoside exceeded those of acteoside, with only isoacteoside restoring cortical/hippocampal dopamine and exploratory behaviour ^{8Reference 8Shiao YJ et al. · 2017In vitroActeoside and isoacteoside protect amyloid β peptide induced cytotoxicity, cognitive deficit and neurochemical disturbances in vitro and in vivo — rat + SH-SY5YView study →}.

In mice, isolated isoacteoside eased LPS-induced depressive-like behaviour by shifting microglia from the pro-inflammatory M1 to the M2 phenotype and modulating CREB/BDNF ^{9Reference 9Bi J et al. · 2025AnimalIsoacteoside alleviates LPS-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice by inhibiting neuroinflammation through regulating microglial polarization and oxidative stress — mouse modelView study →}.

Systems-pharmacology work on Rehmannia attributes an isoacteoside-driven p62/mTOR autophagy mechanism to the processed root’s anti-Alzheimer effect ^{2Reference 2Han X et al. · 2025Systems pharmacology identifies ajugol-mediated NF-κB/caspase-3 inhibition and isoacteoside-driven p62/mTOR-mediated autophagy as key mechanisms of Rehmanniae Radix and its processed form in Alzheimer’s treatmentView study →}.

Gap: all rodent or cell-based (isolate) — no human cognitive or mood data — and the poor oral bioavailability ^{5Reference 5Feng B et al. · 2018AnimalSimultaneous determination of savaside A, acteoside, and isoacteoside in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS: comparative pharmacokinetic and bioavailability characteristics of Monochasma savatieri via different routes of administration — rat pharmacokineticsView study →} means systemic exposure from an oral dose is uncertain.

Mechanisms

Target / pathway	Effect	Relevant to
TLR4 / NF-κB	Suppresses → ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-6, ↓iNOS/NO	Anti-inflammatory / organ protection
Amyloid-β oligomerisation & deposition	Inhibits aggregation, promotes Aβ 1-40 degradation	Neuroprotection
Microglial polarisation (M1→M2), CREB/BDNF	Shifts to anti-inflammatory phenotype, restores BDNF signalling	Neuroprotection / antidepressant
p62 / mTOR autophagy	Activates autophagic clearance	Neuroprotection (Alzheimer’s)
Fe²⁺ chelation, ROS / DPPH / lipid peroxidation	Chelates iron (~2× verbascoside), scavenges radicals	Antioxidant

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability is the load-bearing fact, exactly as for verbascoside. In a rat study measuring acteoside and isoacteoside across four routes, oral bioavailability did not exceed ~0.2%, the phenylethanoid glycosides were rapidly absorbed and cleared (within ~1 h), and their intestinal stability was extremely poor; the ranking was acteoside > isoacteoside for bioavailability across routes ^{5Reference 5Feng B et al. · 2018AnimalSimultaneous determination of savaside A, acteoside, and isoacteoside in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS: comparative pharmacokinetic and bioavailability characteristics of Monochasma savatieri via different routes of administration — rat pharmacokineticsView study →}. Two further details are specific to this molecule: the 4′→6′ isomerisation between acteoside and isoacteoside occurs mainly in the liver in vivo, and isoacteoside showed more structural selectivity than acteoside ^{5Reference 5Feng B et al. · 2018AnimalSimultaneous determination of savaside A, acteoside, and isoacteoside in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS: comparative pharmacokinetic and bioavailability characteristics of Monochasma savatieri via different routes of administration — rat pharmacokineticsView study →}. The practical consequence is the same as for its isomer — potent in-vitro concentrations are not readily reachable from an oral dose, which tempers every downstream claim.

Clinical Trials

There are no registered trials of isolated isoverbascoside. Human exposure is limited to isoverbascoside-containing foods and herbs (olive, plantain, Cistanche, processed Rehmannia), which are plant-matrix exposures and cannot be read as a molecule result. Everything here is in vitro or preclinical.

Completed	Planned	Terminated	Preclinical
None(isolated isoacteoside)	None known	None	Multiple(rodent + in-vitro)

Last checked: July 2026.

Isolate vs. Plant Studies

Unlike many constituents, a meaningful share of the isoverbascoside literature is isolate work: the amyloid-β ^{8Reference 8Shiao YJ et al. · 2017In vitroActeoside and isoacteoside protect amyloid β peptide induced cytotoxicity, cognitive deficit and neurochemical disturbances in vitro and in vivo — rat + SH-SY5YView study →}, depression ^{9Reference 9Bi J et al. · 2025AnimalIsoacteoside alleviates LPS-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice by inhibiting neuroinflammation through regulating microglial polarization and oxidative stress — mouse modelView study →}, and acute-kidney-injury ^{10,11Reference 10Wang B et al. · 2021AnimalIsoacteoside attenuates acute kidney injury induced by severe acute pancreatitis — rat model (TLR4/NF-κB)View study →Reference 11Lian Y et al. · 2024AnimalActeoside and isoacteoside alleviate renal dysfunction and inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injuries through inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway — rodent modelView study →} studies dosed purified isoacteoside (often alongside acteoside as a comparator), and the antioxidant chemistry was done on the isolated compound from Clerodendron and Ligustrum ^{12,13Reference 12Chae S et al. · 2005In vitroAntioxidant activity of isoacteoside from Clerodendron trichotomum — in vitro (V79-4 cells)View study →Reference 13Wong IY et al. · 2001In vitroAntioxidative activities of phenylethanoid glycosides from Ligustrum purpurascens — in vitro (human LDL)View study →}. That is a genuine strength — the isomer-vs-isomer comparisons in particular could only be made with pure material. The weakness is at the other end: none of it is human, the models are acute rather than chronic, and the ~0.2% oral bioavailability ^{5Reference 5Feng B et al. · 2018AnimalSimultaneous determination of savaside A, acteoside, and isoacteoside in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS: comparative pharmacokinetic and bioavailability characteristics of Monochasma savatieri via different routes of administration — rat pharmacokineticsView study →} means the isolate results do not obviously predict what an oral dose of an isoverbascoside-containing herb would do systemically.

Prevalence in Nature

Isoverbascoside occurs across the order Lamiales, generally as the minor partner to verbascoside. It has been isolated and quantified from plantain (Plantago, including P. psyllium seed, from which acteoside and isoacteoside were first purified together by counter-current chromatography ^{4Reference 4Li L et al. · 2005Isolation and purification of acteoside and isoacteoside from Plantago psyllium L. by high-speed counter-current chromatography — isolationView study →}), olive (Olea europaea), Rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa, especially the processed root ^{3,6Reference 3Zhang R et al. · 2022Zhang R, et al. (2022). [Study on mechanism of Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata] — processed-root constituent analysis (isoacteoside among markers). Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36472041/View study →Reference 6Wang Y et al. · 2022Wang Y, et al. (2022). [Optimization of processing technology of braised Rehmanniae Radix] — isoacteoside as processing marker. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36164902/View study →}), Cistanche, Clerodendron trichotomum ^{12Reference 12Chae S et al. · 2005In vitroAntioxidant activity of isoacteoside from Clerodendron trichotomum — in vitro (V79-4 cells)View study →}, Ligustrum (bitter-tea leaves) ^{13Reference 13Wong IY et al. · 2001In vitroAntioxidative activities of phenylethanoid glycosides from Ligustrum purpurascens — in vitro (human LDL)View study →}, Monochasma savatieri ^{5,10Reference 5Feng B et al. · 2018AnimalSimultaneous determination of savaside A, acteoside, and isoacteoside in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS: comparative pharmacokinetic and bioavailability characteristics of Monochasma savatieri via different routes of administration — rat pharmacokineticsView study →Reference 10Wang B et al. · 2021AnimalIsoacteoside attenuates acute kidney injury induced by severe acute pancreatitis — rat model (TLR4/NF-κB)View study →}, and various Pedicularis and Verbascum species ^{7,14Reference 7Li J et al. · 1997In vitroAntioxidative and chelating activities of phenylpropanoid glycosides from Pedicularis striata — in vitro (isoverbascoside vs verbascoside)View study →Reference 14Wang P et al. · 1996In vitroScavenging effects of phenylpropanoid glycosides from Pedicularis on superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical by the spin trapping method — in vitroView study →}. Its occurrence is closely tied to that of verbascoside because it is partly derived from verbascoside by 4′→6′ acyl migration during heating, storage and processing — which is why it is enriched in processed Rehmannia and used there as a processing marker ^{6Reference 6Wang Y et al. · 2022Wang Y, et al. (2022). [Optimization of processing technology of braised Rehmanniae Radix] — isoacteoside as processing marker. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36164902/View study →}. Quantitative dry-weight figures for isoverbascoside specifically are sparse; where the isomers are measured together, isoverbascoside is usually the lower of the two in fresh material ^{4Reference 4Li L et al. · 2005Isolation and purification of acteoside and isoacteoside from Plantago psyllium L. by high-speed counter-current chromatography — isolationView study →}.

Discovery & Synthesis

Isoverbascoside entered the literature as the positional isomer of acteoside (verbascoside) — the phenylethanoid glycoside first isolated from Verbascum in the 1960s — rather than as a headline discovery in its own right; its structure is acteoside’s with the caffeoyl ester moved from the 4′ to the 6′ hydroxyl of the central glucose. It was isolated and purified as a distinct compound from several Lamiales, including a clean 2005 separation of acteoside and isoacteoside from Plantago psyllium seed by high-speed counter-current chromatography ^{4Reference 4Li L et al. · 2005Isolation and purification of acteoside and isoacteoside from Plantago psyllium L. by high-speed counter-current chromatography — isolationView study →}. There is no established total synthesis of isoverbascoside in common use; practically, the compound is obtained by extraction from phenylethanoid-glycoside-rich plants or generated from verbascoside by the 4′→6′ isomerisation that occurs under heat and processing (and, in vivo, in the liver) ^{5,6Reference 5Feng B et al. · 2018AnimalSimultaneous determination of savaside A, acteoside, and isoacteoside in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS: comparative pharmacokinetic and bioavailability characteristics of Monochasma savatieri via different routes of administration — rat pharmacokineticsView study →Reference 6Wang Y et al. · 2022Wang Y, et al. (2022). [Optimization of processing technology of braised Rehmanniae Radix] — isoacteoside as processing marker. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36164902/View study →}. Manufacture is therefore an isolation/processing story rather than a synthetic one.

Patents: not yet researched.

Toxicity & Safety

Isoverbascoside carries a low toxicity flag. It is a normal constituent of edible and widely used plants — olive, plantain and processed Rehmannia among them — and, like its isomer verbascoside, is regarded as having low toxicity at dietary levels; the isolate rodent studies performed with it report therapeutic rather than toxic effects and describe no signature acute organ toxicity ^{1,10Reference 1Xiao Y et al. · 2022ReviewThe pharmacokinetic property and pharmacological activity of acteoside: a review — reviewView study →Reference 10Wang B et al. · 2021AnimalIsoacteoside attenuates acute kidney injury induced by severe acute pancreatitis — rat model (TLR4/NF-κB)View study →}. Its very poor oral bioavailability ^{5Reference 5Feng B et al. · 2018AnimalSimultaneous determination of savaside A, acteoside, and isoacteoside in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS: comparative pharmacokinetic and bioavailability characteristics of Monochasma savatieri via different routes of administration — rat pharmacokineticsView study →} further limits systemic exposure from ordinary intake.

The honest caveat is that a dedicated isolate safety database does not exist for isoverbascoside: there is no repeat-dose toxicology, genotoxicity or reproductive-toxicity study of the pure compound here, and its safety is largely inferred from the acteoside class and from dietary use rather than directly established. Absence of reported harm should not be read as demonstrated safety at supra-dietary doses.

Safety at a Glance

Low / no toxicity

Dietary phenylethanoid glycoside. A normal constituent of olive, plantain and other edible/medicinal plants, regarded as low-toxicity at dietary levels.
Very low systemic exposure. Poor oral bioavailability (~0.2%) means little intact isoverbascoside reaches the circulation from an oral dose.
No isolate safety dataset. No repeat-dose, genotoxicity or reproductive-toxicity study of the pure compound; safety is inferred from the acteoside class and dietary use, not established.
Drug-interaction potential not assessed. No dedicated CYP/transporter interaction data for isoverbascoside itself.

Dosage

There is no established human dose for isolated isoverbascoside, and its poor oral bioavailability makes any extrapolation speculative. Preclinical work spans a wide range: rodent neuroprotection and organ-protection studies use oral or injected doses in the tens of milligrams per kilogram ^{8,10Reference 8Shiao YJ et al. · 2017In vitroActeoside and isoacteoside protect amyloid β peptide induced cytotoxicity, cognitive deficit and neurochemical disturbances in vitro and in vivo — rat + SH-SY5YView study →Reference 10Wang B et al. · 2021AnimalIsoacteoside attenuates acute kidney injury induced by severe acute pancreatitis — rat model (TLR4/NF-κB)View study →}, while antioxidant and chelation effects appear at low-to-mid micromolar concentrations in vitro ^{7,12Reference 7Li J et al. · 1997In vitroAntioxidative and chelating activities of phenylpropanoid glycosides from Pedicularis striata — in vitro (isoverbascoside vs verbascoside)View study →Reference 12Chae S et al. · 2005In vitroAntioxidant activity of isoacteoside from Clerodendron trichotomum — in vitro (V79-4 cells)View study →} — figures that the ~0.2% oral bioavailability ^{5Reference 5Feng B et al. · 2018AnimalSimultaneous determination of savaside A, acteoside, and isoacteoside in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS: comparative pharmacokinetic and bioavailability characteristics of Monochasma savatieri via different routes of administration — rat pharmacokineticsView study →} makes hard to reach systemically from an oral dose. These are doses studied in research and are not a personal recommendation.

References

Xiao Y, Ren Q, Wu L (2022). The pharmacokinetic property and pharmacological activity of acteoside: a review — review. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35724511/
Han X, et al. (2025). Systems pharmacology identifies ajugol-mediated NF-κB/caspase-3 inhibition and isoacteoside-driven p62/mTOR-mediated autophagy as key mechanisms of Rehmanniae Radix and its processed form in Alzheimer’s treatment. Frontiers in Pharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40949132/
Zhang R, et al. (2022). [Study on mechanism of Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata] — processed-root constituent analysis (isoacteoside among markers). Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36472041/
Li L, et al. (2005). Isolation and purification of acteoside and isoacteoside from Plantago psyllium L. by high-speed counter-current chromatography — isolation. Journal of Chromatography A. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15700468/
Feng B, et al. (2018). Simultaneous determination of savaside A, acteoside, and isoacteoside in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS: comparative pharmacokinetic and bioavailability characteristics of Monochasma savatieri via different routes of administration — rat pharmacokinetics. Journal of Separation Science. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30307101/
Wang Y, et al. (2022). [Optimization of processing technology of braised Rehmanniae Radix] — isoacteoside as processing marker. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36164902/
Li J, et al. (1997). Antioxidative and chelating activities of phenylpropanoid glycosides from Pedicularis striata — in vitro (isoverbascoside vs verbascoside). Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao (Acta Pharmacologica Sinica). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10072901/
Shiao YJ, et al. (2017). Acteoside and isoacteoside protect amyloid β peptide induced cytotoxicity, cognitive deficit and neurochemical disturbances in vitro and in vivo — rat + SH-SY5Y. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28441758/
Bi J, et al. (2025). Isoacteoside alleviates LPS-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice by inhibiting neuroinflammation through regulating microglial polarization and oxidative stress — mouse model. Behavioral and Brain Functions. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41024195/
Wang B, et al. (2021). Isoacteoside attenuates acute kidney injury induced by severe acute pancreatitis — rat model (TLR4/NF-κB). Molecular Medicine Reports. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33649800/
Lian Y, et al. (2024). Acteoside and isoacteoside alleviate renal dysfunction and inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injuries through inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway — rodent model. PLoS One. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38748639/
Chae S, et al. (2005). Antioxidant activity of isoacteoside from Clerodendron trichotomum — in vitro (V79-4 cells). Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15799629/
Wong IY, et al. (2001). Antioxidative activities of phenylethanoid glycosides from Ligustrum purpurascens — in vitro (human LDL). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11410017/
Wang P, et al. (1996). Scavenging effects of phenylpropanoid glycosides from Pedicularis on superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical by the spin trapping method — in vitro. Biochemical Pharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8615906/