Compound Class
Phenolics
Antioxidant compounds built around one or more phenol rings — the flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, coumarins, and pigments behind much of a plant's protective chemistry.
661 Constituents17 Subclasses211 Source herbs
Overview
What Are Phenolics?
Phenolics are organic compounds built around at least one phenol unit — an aromatic ring carrying one or more hydroxyl groups. Where a molecule strings several such rings together it is termed a polyphenol.
Those reactive hydroxyl groups readily donate hydrogen and neutralize free radicals, which is the structural root of the group's reputation as antioxidants. Phenolics form the largest single group of plant-derived antioxidants and are among the most abundant compounds in both the herbal materia medica and the ordinary diet.
01
Where Phenolics Occur
Almost every plant tissue examined carries phenolics in some quantity. They color flowers and fruit, screen leaves against ultraviolet light, deter grazing insects and defend against microbial attack. Particularly rich sources include:
Berries and other deeply colored fruits
Tea, cocoa and coffee
Barks, leaves and unripe fruit (tannins)
Culinary and aromatic herbs
Legumes, especially soya and red clover (isoflavones)
Because they are so widespread, phenolics account for a large share of everyday dietary antioxidant intake, not just medicinal use.
02
Defining the Class
A compound qualifies as a phenolic when it bears a hydroxyl group bonded directly to an aromatic ring. Classification rests on that shared structural signature rather than on any single biological effect.
From that common motif the subgroups diverge widely in size and behavior, from a simple phenolic acid of a few atoms to a condensed tannin large enough to bind and precipitate proteins.
03
Pharmacological Importance
Phenolics are the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory workhorses of plant medicine. The flavonoids are valued for vaso-protective and capillary-strengthening activity, the tannins for astringent tissue-toning, and the phenolic acids for gentle dietary-level antioxidant effects.
Several subgroups carry more specific pharmacology: the isoflavones act as phytoestrogens, the anthraquinones are the stimulant laxative principle of senna and cascara, and the curcuminoids of turmeric are among the most studied anti-inflammatories in the plant kingdom.
04
Toxicity & Safety
As a class the pattern is reassuring. Most phenolics are consumed daily without incident and are very well tolerated.
The exceptions are worth naming honestly: coumarin carries modest concerns at concentrated intake, hydroquinone and its glycoside arbutin attract caution, tannins in quantity are strongly astringent and can hinder mineral absorption, and the anthraquinones are purgative with habitual use. These are footnotes to a broadly gentle group rather than the rule.
Constituents
All Phenolics
661 total#
1,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid 10-Gingerol 2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-quinone 2-Hydroxymethyl-anthraquinone 2-Phenylethanol 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic Acid 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid 4-Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol 4-Hydroxycinnamic acid 4-Hydroxycinnamoyl-quinic acid 4-Methoxyphenol 4-O-Methylhonokiol 4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic Acid 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid 5-O-Caffeoylshikimic acid 6-Demethoxycapillarisin 6-Gingerol 6-Hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin 6-Hydroxy-mellein 6-Hydroxykaempferol 3,6-dimethyl ether 6-Methoxyhesperetin 6-Methoxynaringenin 6-Paradol 6-Prenylnaringenin 6-Shogaol 6,7,8-Trimethoxycoumarin 7,8-Dihydroxycoumarin 8-Gingerol 8-PrenylnaringeninA
Acacetin Acetyleugenol Agrimoniin Aloe-emodin Aloins Alpha-asarone Alpha-lapachone Amentoflavone Amorfrutin A Amorfrutin C Anethole Angelicin Anisic acid Anisic aldehyde Anthocyanins Anthoxanthins Anthraquinone glycosides Anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid Anthraquinones Anthrone glycosides Apigenin Apigenin-7-glucoside Arbutin Care Arctigenin Arctiin Arenarioside Arjunin Arjunolone Arjunone Artemetin Aspalathin Astilbin Astragalin AvicularinB
Baicalein Baicalin Ballotetroside Barbaloin Barbatic acid Barterin Benzoic acid Benzyl acetate Benzyl alcohol Benzyl benzoate Bergamottin Bergapten Beta-asarone Beta-glucogallin Beta-lapachone Care Betonyoside A Biapigenin Biochanin A Bisdemethoxycurcumin Bitter resins Boeravinone B BrutieridinC
Caffeic acid Caffeol Caffeotannic acid Caffeoyl quinides Caffeoyl-malic acid Caffeoylquinic acids Caftaric Acid Calycosin Capillarin Capsaicin Cardanol Cardol Carvacrol Cascaroside A Cascaroside B Cascaroside C Cascaroside D Cascaroside E Cascaroside F Cascarosides Castalagin Casticin Castillicetin Castilliferol Casuarictin Casuarinin Catechin Catechin gallate (CG) Catechins Catechol Catechols Centaureidin Centellin Chalcones Chalepensin Chebulagic acid Chebulic acid Chebulinic acid Chlorogenic acid Chlorogenic acids Chrysanthemin Chrysin Chrysoeriol Chrysophanol Chrysosplenetin Cichoric Acid Cinchonain Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamic acid Cinnamic acids Cinnamyl acetate Cinnamyl alcohol Cirsiliol Cirsimaritin Citreorosein Clemastanin B coenzyme-q10 Cohumulone Colupulone Condensed tannins Corilagin Cosmosiin Coumaric acid Coumarin Care Coumarins Coumestrol Crispuside A Crofelemer Cryptochlorogenic Acid Curcumin Curcuminoids Cyanidin Cyanidin-3-glucoside Cyanidin-3-sambubioside Cyanidin-3-sambubioside-5-glucoside Cyanidin-3-sophoroside Cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside Cyanidol glucosides Cynarin CynarosideD
Daidzein Damnacanthal Danshensu Danthron Davidigenin Decaffeoylquinic acids Deguelin Dehydro-alpha-lapachone Dehydrodiisoeugenol Dehydroisolapachone Dehydrokaempferol Delphinidin Demethoxycurcumin Demethoxylated curcumins Demethylisoencecalin Deoxylapachol Desmethoxyyangonin Desmethylxanthohumol Di-caffeoylquinic acids Dianethole Diffractaic acid Dihydrobaicalin Dihydrocapsaicin Dihydrokavain Dihydromethysticin Diosmetin Diosmetin glucosides Diosmin Divaricatic acid DMC-2 DMC-2 dihydrochalconeE
Echinacoside EGCG Elemicin Eleutheroside B Eleutheroside E Ellagic acid Ellagitannins Emblicanin A Emblicanin B Emodin Emodin-1-O-glucoside Emodin-8-O-glucoside Engeletin Enterodiol Enterolactone Ephedrannin A Ephedrannin B Epicatechin Epicatechin gallate Epicatechin-3-gallate Epicatechins Epigallocatechin Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) Episesamin Eriodictyol Eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside Eriolic acid C Esculetin Esculin Estragole Care Ethyl gallate Ethyl trans-cinnamate Ethyl Vanillin Eugenol Eupalitin Eupatilin EupatorinF
Ferulic acid Fisetin Fisetinidol Flavalignans Flavan-3-ols Flavanones Flavokawain A Flavokawain B Flavokawain C Flavone glycosides Flavones Flavonoid aglycones Flavonoid derivatives Flavonoid glycosides Flavonoids Flavonol glycosides Flavonol-3-glycosides Flavonolignans Flavonols Foeniculin Fomentariol Formononetin Forsythoside B Frangulin A Frangulin B Fraxetin Fraxin Furanocoumarins FuranonaphthoquinonesG
Gallic acid Gallocatechin Gallocatechin gallate (GCG) Gallotannins Galuteolin Gamma-asarone Gangetin Gastrodin Genistein Genistin Genkwanin Gentioside Gentisic acid Gentisin Geraniin Gingerdiols Gingerols Ginkgol Ginkgolic acids Glabridin Glabrone Glansreginin A Glucofrangulin A Glucofrangulin B Glycitein Glycyrrhisoflavone Glycyrrhizol A Gomisins Gonzalitosin GrandisinH
Hamamelitannin Hericene A Hericenones Herniarin Hesperetin Hesperidin Hippuric Acid Hispidulin Homoeriodictyol Homoveratrole Honokiol Humulone Hydrangeic acid Hydrangenol Hydrochlorolapachol Hydroquinone Care Hydroquinone glycosides Hydroquinones Hydroxyanthracene derivatives Hydroxyanthraquinones Hydroxybenzoic acid Hydroxytyrosol Hypericin Hyperoside HypophyllanthinI
Icaritin Imperatorin Iridin Irigenin Irilone Iso-8-hydroxy-lariciresinol Isoastilbin Isochlorogenic acid Isocoumarin glycosides Isoengeletin Isoferulic acid Isoflavans Isoflavenes Isoflavonoid phytoestrogens Isoflavonoids Isofraxidin Isogentisin Isoliquiritin Isoorientin Isophthalic acid Isoquercitrin Isorhamnetin Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside Isosalipurposide Isoschaftoside Isosilybin Isoverbascoside Isovitexin IsoxanthohumolJ
Jaceidin Jaceosidin Jionosides Juglanin Juglone CareK
Kaempferitrin Kaempferol Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside Kaempferols Kavain Kigelinone Kukulkanin BL
Lambertianin C Lapachenol Lapachol Care Lapachone Lariciresinol Lateriflorin Lavandulifolioside Leiocarposide Leucoanthocyanidins Leucocyanidin Leucopelargonidin Leucosceptoside A Leucosceptoside B Licarin A Licochalcone A Licochalcone B Licocoumarone Licopyranocoumarins Lignan glycosides Lignanamide Lignans Ligstroside Liquiritin Liriodendrin Lonicerin Lucenin Lucenin-2 Lupulone Luteolin Luteolin 7-glucuronide Luteolin glucosides Luteolin-7-glucoside Luteolin-7-glucosyl-lactate Luteolin-7-lactateM
Maackiain Macelignan Magnolol Malabaricone C Malvidin Mangiferin Marmelosin Marmesin Marmin Martynoside Matairesinol Medicagol Medicarpin Melacacidin Melanoxetin Melilotoside Melitidin Methoxyphenyl propene Methyl Eugenol Care Methyl salicylate Methylarbutin Methysticin Miquelianin Moschamine Mosloflavone Myricetin Myricetin glycosides Myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside Myricitrin MyristicinN
N-Benzoyltyramine N-Feruloylserotonin N-trans-p-Caffeoyltyramine Naphthalene glycosides Naphthoquinones Narcissin Naringenin Naringin Nectandrin B Neoastilbin Neochlorogenic acid Neoeriocitrin Neohesperidin Neoisoastilbin Neoolivil Nepodin Nigellone Nordamnacanthal Nordihydrocapsaicin Norwogonin Nothofagin Nymphaeoside AO
Obovatol Obtusifolin Oleacein Oleocanthal Oleuropein Oleuropeoside Oligomeric proanthocyanidins Oligomeric procyanidins Orientin Oroxylin A Oroxylin A 7-O-glucuronide Osthole Otobaphenol Oxypeucedanin OxyresveratrolP
p-Coumaric acid P-Hydroxybenzaldehyde p-Hydroxybenzoic acid Paeonidin-3-cinnamyl-sophoroside Paeonol Paradol Passiflorins Patuletin Pedunculagin Pelargonidin Penduletin Penta-O-galloyl-glucose Pentagalloylglucose Peonidin Petunidin Phaseoloidin Phenethyl alcohol glycosides Phenol Phenolcarboxylic acids Phenolic acids Phenylacetaldehyde Phenylethanoid glycosides Phenylpropanes Phenylpropanoid esters Phenylpropanoid glycosides Phlobaphene Phlobaphenes Photoanethole Phthiolol Phyllanthin Phyllodulcin Physcion Piceatannol Pinocembrin Pinoresinol Pinosylvin Pinosylvin monomethyl ester Piperonal Plantamajoside Podophyllotoxin Polydatin Polyphenolic acids Prenylflavonoids Proanthocyanidins Procyanidin Procyanidin B1 Procyanidin B2 Procyanidins Prodelphinidins Protocatechuic acid Protocatechuic aldehyde Pseudohypericin Psoralen pterostilbene Punarnavoside Punicalagin Punigluconin Pyrogallol pyrroloquinoline quinoneQ
Quercetagetin Quercetagetin 3,6-dimethyl ether Quercetin Quercetin glycosides Quercitrin QuinonesR
Racemosol Ranunculin Repandusinic acid A Resorcinolic acid Resveratrol Rhamnetin Rhamnoliquiritin Rhein Rhein-anthrone Rhodiolasides Rhodionin Rhodiosin Rhodomyrtone Robinetinidol Rosarin Rosavin Rosavins Rosin Rosmarinic acid Rugosin A Rugosin B Rugosin D RutinS
Safrole Care Sakuranetin Salazinic acid Salicin Salicortin Salicyl alcohol glycosides Salicylaldehyde Salicylic acid Salicylic acids Salidroside Salireposide Salvianolic acid Salvianolic acid A Salvianolic acid B Sanguiin H-6 Santin Saponarin Schaftoside Schisandrin Schisandrin A Schisandrin B Schisandrol B Schisantherin A Schizandrins Scolymoside Scoparin Scoparone Scopoletin Scutellarein Scutellarin Secoisolariciresinol Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside Selligueain Sennoside A Sennoside B Sennoside C Sennoside D Sennosides Sesamin Shogaols Sideroxylin Silybin Silychristin Silydianin Silymandin Silymarin Sinapic acid Spinacetin derivatives Spinosin Spiraeoside Sterubin Stilbenoids Surinamensin Swertisin Syringaresinol Syringic acid Syringin SyzalterinT
Tabebuin Tanetin Tangshenoside Tannic acid Tannic acids Tannins Taxifolin Tectoquinone Tectorigenin Tellimagrandin I Tellimagrandin II Tephrosin Terflavin A Terflavin B Tetrahydrocurcumin Theaflavin (TF) Theaflavin-3-gallate (TF3G) Theaflavin-3,3′-digallate (TFDG) Theaflavins Thearubigins Thunberginol A Thunberginol C Thymohydroquinone Thymoquinone Tiliroside Tinnevellin glycoside Tremulacin Tribulusamide D Tricin Trimethoxy-flavones TyrosolU
Umbelliferone Urolithin A Urolithin BV
Vanillic acid Vanillin Vanilloside Vanillyl alcohol Veratric acid Veratric aldehyde Verbascoside Vescalagin Vicenin Vicenin-2 Vitexin Vitexin-2"-O-rhamnosideW
Wogonin Wogonoside Wood CreosoteX
Xanthohumol Xanthone Xanthotoxin XyloidoneY
YangoninZ
Zingerone ZingiberoneNo phenolics match.
Source Plants
Herbs Containing Phenolics
211 herbsPlants in the materia medica documented to carry phenolics, with the compounds each one is listed for. The bar counts how many DISTINCT phenolics are on record for a plant, relative to the best-documented — it measures breadth of record, not potency, so a plant with one well-studied compound can outrank a richer source that has simply been analysed less. Where a measured concentration is on record it is quoted inline; most entries have none yet.
Pau D'Arco Tabebuia impetiginosa Documented for 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-quinone, 2-hydroxymethyl-anthraquinone, 4-methoxyphenol and 36 more phenolics. 
Licorice Glycyrrhiza glabra Documented for glabridin (0.08–0.35 % dry wt), glycyrrhisoflavone (0.02–0.09 % dry wt), chalcones and 22 more phenolics. 
Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Documented for pentagalloylglucose (6.6–12.9 mg/g dry wt), arbutin, corilagin and 18 more phenolics. 
Hops Humulus lupulus Documented for 6-prenylnaringenin (0 % dry wt), 8-prenylnaringenin, astragalin and 18 more phenolics. 
Sarsaparilla Smilax spp. Documented for 5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid, astilbin, caffeic acid and 18 more phenolics. 
Meadowsweet Filipendula ulmaria Documented for tellimagrandin II (2.02 mg/100 mL), hyperoside, kaempferol and 17 more phenolics. 
Cramp Bark Viburnum opulus Documented for arbutin, caffeic acid, catechin and 16 more phenolics. 
Passionflower Passiflora incarnata Documented for apigenin, chrysin, coumarin and 16 more phenolics. 
Feverfew Tanacetum parthenium Documented for 6-hydroxykaempferol 3,6-dimethyl ether, apigenin, carvacrol and 15 more phenolics. 
Globe Artichoke Cynara scolymus Documented for caffeic acid, caffeoylquinic acids, chlorogenic acid and 15 more phenolics. 
Stinging Nettle Urtica dioica Documented for astragalin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and 15 more phenolics. 
Black Walnut Juglans nigra Documented for carvacrol, ellagic acid, ellagitannins and 14 more phenolics. 
Cascara Sagrada Frangula purshiana Documented for cascaroside A (4.8–6 % dry wt (cascarosides, as cascaroside A)), aloe-emodin, aloins and 14 more phenolics. 
Cashew Anacardium occidentale Documented for cardanol, cardol, epicatechin and 14 more phenolics. 
Elderberry Sambucus nigra Documented for cyanidin-3-glucoside (205–481 mg/100 g fresh), cyanidin-3-sambubioside (122–269 mg/100 g FW), 1,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid and 14 more phenolics. 
Senna Cassia angustifolia Documented for sennoside A (2–3 % total sennosides (as sennoside B)), sennoside B (2–3 % dry wt (total hydroxyanthracenes as sennoside B)), aloe-emodin and 14 more phenolics. 
Stevia Stevia rebaudiana Documented for apigenin, avicularin, caffeic acid and 14 more phenolics. 
Babul Vachellia nilotica Documented for apigenin, catechin, condensed tannins and 12 more phenolics. 
Chinese Skullcap Scutellaria baicalensis Documented for baicalin (5–12 % dry wt), wogonin (1.3 % dry wt), wogonoside (3.5 % dry wt) and 12 more phenolics. 
Hawthorn Crataegus oxyacantha Documented for caffeic acid, catechols, chlorogenic acid and 12 more phenolics. 
Samambaia Polypodium leucotomos Documented for 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamoyl-quinic acid and 12 more phenolics. 
Coffee Coffea arabica Documented for 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid, caffeol and 11 more phenolics. 
Marshmallow Althaea officinalis Documented for caffeic acid, diosmetin, diosmetin glucosides and 11 more phenolics. 
Olive Leaf Olea europaea Documented for oleuropein (60–90 mg/g dry wt), apigenin-7-glucoside, caffeic acid and 11 more phenolics. 
Rhubarb Rheum palmatum Documented for sennoside A (3.9 % of AQ extract), aloe-emodin, anthraquinones and 11 more phenolics. 
Yerba Santa Eriodictyon californicum Documented for rosmarinic acid (22–53 mg/g), 6-methoxyhesperetin, 6-methoxynaringenin and 11 more phenolics. 
Arjuna Terminalia arjuna Documented for arjunin, arjunolone, arjunone and 10 more phenolics. 
Gotu Kola Centella asiatica Documented for apigenin, castillicetin, castilliferol and 10 more phenolics. 
Guarana Paullinia cupana Documented for caffeic acid, catechins, catechol and 10 more phenolics. 
Raspberry Leaf Rubus idaeus Documented for casuarinin (483 mg/g), sanguiin H-6 (139–633 mg/100 g), chlorogenic acid and 10 more phenolics. 
Tarragon Artemisia dracunculus Documented for estragole (70–82 % of essential oil), methyl eugenol (0–39 % of oil), 6-demethoxycapillarisin and 10 more phenolics. 
Angelica Angelica archangelica Documented for angelicin, bergapten, coumarins and 9 more phenolics. 
Couchgrass Elymus repens Documented for caffeic acid, ferulic acid, flavonoids and 9 more phenolics. 
Damiana Turnera diffusa Documented for acacetin, apigenin, apigenin-7-glucoside and 9 more phenolics. 
Fennel Foeniculum vulgare Documented for estragole (2–29 % of essential oil), anethole, anisic acid and 9 more phenolics. 
Goldenrod Solidago virgaurea Documented for 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and 9 more phenolics. 
Guamura Cecropia obtusifolia Documented for apigenin, chlorogenic acid, daidzein and 9 more phenolics. 
Linden Flower Tilia spp. Documented for astragalin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and 9 more phenolics. 
Mexican Tarragon Tagetes lucida Documented for estragole (95–97 % of essential oil), methyl eugenol (46 % of oil), 6-hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin and 9 more phenolics. 
Monterey Pine Pinus radiata Documented for caffeic acid, catechin, ferulic acid and 9 more phenolics. 
Tea Camellia sinensis Documented for epigallocatechin (17 % of catechins), catechins, EGCG and 9 more phenolics. 
Yerba Maté Ilex paraguariensis Documented for 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid and 9 more phenolics. American Skullcap Scutellaria lateriflora Documented for baicalin (4–5 % dry wt), apigenin, baicalein and 8 more phenolics. 
Cacao Theobroma cacao Documented for anthocyanins, catechin, epicatechin and 8 more phenolics. 
Camu-camu Myrciaria dubia Documented for cyanidin-3-glucoside (26–49 mg/100 g fresh), anthocyanins, castalagin and 8 more phenolics. 
Chir Pine Pinus roxburghii Documented for caffeic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid and 8 more phenolics. Maritime Pine Pinus pinaster Documented for caffeic acid, catechin, epicatechin and 8 more phenolics. 
Milk Thistle Silybum marianum Documented for silybin (0.6–1.8 % dry wt), dehydrokaempferol, flavonoids and 8 more phenolics. Red Clover Trifolium pratense Documented for biochanin A (0.07–0.64 % dry wt), irilone (1.8–10.9 mg/g capsule), coumestrol and 8 more phenolics. 
St. John's Wort Hypericum perforatum Documented for biapigenin (1.04 % dry wt), hypericin (0.03–0.3 % of dried herb (total hypericins)), pseudohypericin (0–2.94 mg/g DW) and 8 more phenolics. 
Winged-Stem Passionflower Passiflora alata Documented for apigenin, catechin, chrysoeriol and 8 more phenolics. 
Amla Phyllanthus emblica Documented for beta-glucogallin, corilagin, ellagic acid and 7 more phenolics. 
Bael Aegle marmelos Documented for imperatorin, marmelosin, marmesin and 7 more phenolics. 
Bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus Documented for anthocyanins, catechin, chlorogenic acid and 7 more phenolics. 
Black Horehound Ballota nigra Documented for arenarioside, ballotetroside, caffeoyl-malic acid and 7 more phenolics. 
Blue Passionflower Passiflora caerulea Documented for apigenin, chrysin, isoorientin and 7 more phenolics. 
Catechu Senegalia catechu Documented for catechin, condensed tannins, epicatechin and 7 more phenolics. 
Chanca Piedra Phyllanthus niruri Documented for astragalin, corilagin, ellagic acid and 7 more phenolics. 
Chickweed Stellaria media Documented for apigenin, chrysin, isoorientin and 7 more phenolics. 
Clove Syzygium aromaticum Documented for eugenol (70–90 % of oil), acetyleugenol, caffeic acid and 7 more phenolics. 
Eleuthero Root Eleutherococcus senticosus Documented for syringin (0.01–0.04 % dry wt), chlorogenic acid, eleutheroside B and 7 more phenolics. 
Ginger Zingiber officinale Documented for 10-gingerol, 6-gingerol, 6-paradol and 7 more phenolics. 
Haritaki Terminalia chebula Documented for anthraquinone glycosides, chebulagic acid, chebulic acid and 7 more phenolics. 
Japanese Knotweed Reynoutria japonica Documented for aloe-emodin, citreorosein, emodin and 7 more phenolics. 
Mugwort Artemisia vulgaris Documented for apigenin, chlorogenic acid, jaceosidin and 7 more phenolics. 
Nutmeg Myristica fragrans Toxic Documented for dehydrodiisoeugenol, elemicin, eugenol and 7 more phenolics. 
Sage Salvia officinalis Documented for rosmarinic acid (3.2–20.6 mg/g), apigenin, caffeic acid and 7 more phenolics. 
Willow Salix alba Documented for catechins, isosalipurposide, quercetin and 7 more phenolics. 
Yarrow Achillea millefolium Documented for apigenin, artemetin, casticin and 7 more phenolics. 
Black Wattle Acacia mearnsii Documented for catechin, condensed tannins, fisetinidol and 6 more phenolics. 
Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum morifolium Documented for 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, acacetin, apigenin and 6 more phenolics. 
Clavo Huasca Tynanthus panurensis Documented for anthraquinones, apigenin, coumarins and 6 more phenolics. 
Hyssop Hyssopus officinalis Documented for methyl eugenol (0–28 % of oil), apigenin, caffeic acid and 6 more phenolics. Kava Piper methysticum Documented for dihydromethysticin (8.7–13 % of kavalactones), flavokawain C (0.01 % of extract), kavain (28–39 % of kavalactones), methysticin (2.6–4.8 % of kavalactones) and 5 more phenolics. 
Shepherd's Purse Capsella bursa-pastoris Documented for apigenin, chrysoeriol, diosmin and 6 more phenolics. 
Wood Betony Stachys officinalis Documented for apigenin, betonyoside A, chlorogenic acid and 6 more phenolics. 
Bergamot Citrus bergamia Documented for bergamottin, bergapten, brutieridin and 5 more phenolics. 
Broom Cytisus scoparius Toxic Documented for genistein, genistin, quercetin and 5 more phenolics. 
Calamus Acorus calamus Documented for alpha-asarone, beta-asarone, caffeic acid and 5 more phenolics. 
Cornflower Centaurea cyanus Documented for anthocyanins, apigenin, caffeic acid and 5 more phenolics. 
Dandelion Taraxacum officinale Documented for apigenin, caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid and 5 more phenolics. 
German Chamomile Matricaria chamomilla Documented for apigenin (54–62 mg/100 g), herniarin (82.79 mg/100 g), apigenin-7-glucoside and 5 more phenolics. 
Honeysuckle Lonicera japonica Documented for 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid and 5 more phenolics. 
Jasmine Jasminum officinale Documented for benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate and 5 more phenolics. 
Passion Fruit Passiflora edulis Documented for isoorientin, isovitexin, luteolin and 5 more phenolics. 
Plantain Plantago major Documented for apigenin, caffeic acid, isoverbascoside and 5 more phenolics. 
Rhodiola Rhodiola rosea Documented for salidroside (1 % of extract), rhodiolasides, rhodionin and 5 more phenolics. 
Rose Rosa spp. Documented for 2-phenylethanol, kaempferol, quercetin and 5 more phenolics. 
Schisandra Schisandra chinensis Documented for gomisins, lignans, macelignan and 5 more phenolics. 
Tick Trefoil Desmodium spp. Documented for caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, gangetin and 5 more phenolics. 
Acacia Acacia, Vachellia & Senegalia spp. Documented for catechin, ellagic acid, epicatechin and 4 more phenolics. 
Blue Vervain Verbena hastata Documented for apigenin, caffeic acid, leucosceptoside A and 4 more phenolics. 
Buchu Agathosma betulina Documented for diosmetin, diosmin, flavonoids and 4 more phenolics. 
Calendula Calendula officinalis Documented for chlorogenic acid, coumarins, flavonoid glycosides and 4 more phenolics. Cassia Cinnamon Cinnamomum cassia Documented for cinnamaldehyde (70–90 % of oil), coumarin (0.1–1 % dry wt), cinnamic acid and 4 more phenolics. 
Cat's Claw Uncaria tomentosa Documented for catechins, chlorogenic acid, cinchonain and 4 more phenolics. 
Echinacea Echinacea purpurea Documented for cichoric acid (2–38.3 mg/g dry wt), echinacoside (0.3–1 % dry wt), caffeic acid and 4 more phenolics. 
Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Documented for amentoflavone, flavonol glycosides, ginkgolic acids and 4 more phenolics. 
Holy Basil Ocimum tenuiflorum Documented for apigenin, eugenol, luteolin and 4 more phenolics. Korean Red Pine Pinus densiflora Documented for catechin, gallic acid, kaempferol and 4 more phenolics. 
Rooibos Aspalathus linearis Documented for orientin (1–1.3 mg/g), aspalathin, isoorientin and 4 more phenolics. Thyme Thymus vulgaris Documented for apigenin, carvacrol, cirsimaritin and 4 more phenolics. 
Witch Hazel Hamamelis virginiana Documented for hamamelitannin (1–7 % dry wt), catechin, epicatechin and 4 more phenolics. 
Yellow Dock Rumex crispus Documented for aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, crispuside A and 4 more phenolics. 
Aloe Aloe vera Documented for aloe-emodin, anthraquinone glycosides, anthraquinones and 3 more phenolics. 
Arnica Arnica montana Toxic Documented for astragalin, coumarins, flavonoids and 3 more phenolics. 
Blue Lotus Flower Nymphaea caerulea Documented for kaempferol, myricetin, naringenin and 3 more phenolics. 
Ceylon Cinnamon Cinnamomum verum Documented for cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamyl acetate and 3 more phenolics. 
Chaste Tree Vitex agnus-castus Documented for artemetin, casticin, eupatorin and 3 more phenolics. 
Chinese Hibiscus Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Documented for anthocyanins, cyanidin, cyanidin-3-sophoroside and 3 more phenolics. 
Coltsfoot Tussilago farfara Toxic Documented for chlorogenic acid, isoquercitrin, kaempferol and 3 more phenolics. 
Gentian Gentiana lutea Documented for gentioside, gentisic acid, gentisin and 3 more phenolics. 
Greater Celandine Chelidonium majus Toxic Documented for caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, kaempferol and 3 more phenolics. 
Horse Chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum Documented for esculin, fraxin, kaempferol and 3 more phenolics. 
Jatobá Hymenaea courbaril Documented for astilbin, catechin, epicatechin and 3 more phenolics. 
Masson Pine Pinus massoniana Documented for catechin, kaempferol, proanthocyanidins and 3 more phenolics. 
Motherwort Leonurus cardiaca Documented for chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, lavandulifolioside and 3 more phenolics. 
Oregano Origanum vulgare Documented for rosmarinic acid (6 mg/g), apigenin, carvacrol and 3 more phenolics. 
Peppermint Mentha × piperita Documented for rosmarinic acid (17.3 mg/g), flavonoid glycosides, hesperetin and 3 more phenolics. 
Turmeric Curcuma longa Documented for bisdemethoxycurcumin (3–8 % of curcuminoids), curcumin (1–5 % dry wt), demethoxycurcumin (15–20 % of curcuminoids) and 3 more phenolics. 
Vanilla Vanilla planifolia Documented for P-hydroxybenzaldehyde (0.18–0.2 % dry wt), vanillic acid (0.18–0.19 % dry wt), vanillin (1–4.6 % dry wt), vanillyl alcohol (0.56–0.57 % dry wt) and 2 more phenolics. 
Wormwood Artemisia absinthium Documented for flavonol-3-glycosides, isorhamnetin, patuletin and 3 more phenolics. 
Amaranth Amaranthus blitum Documented for caffeic acid, gallic acid, kaempferol and 2 more phenolics. 
Burdock Arctium lappa Documented for arctigenin, arctiin, caffeoylquinic acids and 2 more phenolics. 
Catnip Nepeta cataria Documented for luteolin, quercetin, rutin and 2 more phenolics. 
Cleavers Galium aparine Documented for nordamnacanthal, quercetin, rutin and 2 more phenolics. 
Comfrey Symphytum officinale Toxic Documented for caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid and 2 more phenolics. 
Erva Tostão Boerhavia diffusa Documented for boeravinone B, eupalitin, liriodendrin and 2 more phenolics. 
Fish Mint Houttuynia cordata Documented for hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercetin and 2 more phenolics. 
Grape Seed Extract Vitis vinifera Documented for catechin, epicatechin, gallic acid and 2 more phenolics. 
Graviola Annona muricata Toxic Documented for anthraquinones, coumarins, flavonoids and 2 more phenolics. Hydrangea Hydrangea arborescens Documented for hydrangenol, kaempferol, quercetin and 2 more phenolics. 
Jurema Mimosa tenuiflora Documented for caffeic acid, gallic acid, kukulkanin B and 2 more phenolics. 
Pine Pinus sylvestris Documented for catechin, pinosylvin, pinosylvin monomethyl ester and 2 more phenolics. 
Stinking Passionflower Passiflora foetida Documented for apigenin, chrysoeriol, isovitexin and 2 more phenolics. 
Tribulus Tribulus terrestris Documented for kaempferol, N-trans-p-caffeoyltyramine, quercetin and 2 more phenolics. 
African Dream Herb Entada rheedii Documented for isorhamnetin, kaempferol, phaseoloidin and 1 more. 
Albizzia Albizzia lebbeck Documented for flavonols, melacacidin, melanoxetin and 1 more. 
Bay Bean Canavalia rosea Documented for isorhamnetin, kaempferol, quercetin and 1 more. 
Black Cohosh Cimicifuga racemosa Documented for caffeic acid, ferulic acid, formononetin and 1 more. 
Bupleurum Bupleurum falcatum Documented for flavonoids, lignans, quercetin and 1 more. 
Catuaba Trichilia catigua Documented for catechin, epicatechin, flavalignans and 1 more. 
Chilca Baccharis latifolia Documented for flavonoids, quercetin, rutin and 1 more. 
Dagga Leonotis nepetifolia Documented for apigenin, chrysophanol, cirsiliol and 1 more. 
Epazote Dysphania ambrosioides Documented for carvacrol, kaempferitrin, kaempferol and 1 more. 
Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus Documented for ellagic acid, pinocembrin, quercetin and 1 more. Goat's Rue Galega officinalis Documented for galuteolin, luteolin, quercetin and 1 more. 
Horsetail Equisetum arvense Documented for caffeic acid, isoquercitrin, kaempferol and 1 more. 
Juniper Juniperus communis Documented for hyperoside, quercetin, rutin and 1 more. 
Maconha Brava Zornia latifolia Documented for apigenin, genistein, luteolin and 1 more. 
Magnolia Magnolia officinalis Documented for honokiol (1–5 % dry wt), magnolol (2–11 % dry wt), 4-O-methylhonokiol and 1 more. 
Melissa Melissa officinalis Documented for rosmarinic acid (0.16–48.6 mg/g), caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and 1 more. 
Muira Puama Ptychopetalum olacoides Documented for coumarin, eugenol, luteolin and 1 more. 
Peony Paeonia lactiflora Documented for paeonol, pentagalloylglucose, tannins and 1 more. 
Rehmannia Rehmannia glutinosa Documented for isoverbascoside, jionosides, phenethyl alcohol glycosides and 1 more. 
Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis Documented for rosmarinic acid (9–11 mg/g), apigenin, cirsimaritin and 1 more. 
Sweet Wormwood Artemisia annua Documented for casticin, chrysosplenetin, quercetin and 1 more. 
Usnea Usnea spp. Documented for barbatic acid, diffractaic acid, divaricatic acid and 1 more. 
Wireweed Sida acuta Documented for ferulic acid, kaempferol, quercetin and 1 more. 
Astragalus Astragalus mongholicus Documented for calycosin (0–0.04 % dry wt), formononetin, medicarpin. 
Black Ant Polyrhachis spp. Documented for gallic acid, naringenin, salicylic acid. 
Calea zacatechichi Calea ternifolia Documented for acacetin, demethylisoencecalin, genkwanin. 
Cayenne Capsicum annuum Documented for capsaicin (4,059–4,439 mg/kg fresh wt), nordihydrocapsaicin (399 µg/g dry wt), dihydrocapsaicin. 
Dan Shen Salvia miltiorrhiza Documented for salvianolic acid B (55 mg/g), rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid A. 
Ephedra Ephedra sinica Toxic Documented for ephedrannin A, ephedrannin B, flavonoids. 
Guayusa Ilex guayusa Documented for caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin. 
Gynostemma Gynostemma pentaphyllum Documented for flavonoids, quercetin, rutin. 
Lavender Lavandula angustifolia Documented for anthocyanins, coumarin, herniarin. 
Mullein Verbascum thapsus Documented for hesperidin, leucosceptoside A, verbascoside. 
Nigella Nigella sativa Documented for thymohydroquinone (3.4 % of oil), thymoquinone (0.01–0.4 % w/w), nigellone. 
Spearmint Mentha spicata Documented for apigenin, luteolin, rosmarinic acid. 
Warrior's Plume Pedicularis densiflora Documented for martynoside, verbascoside, xanthone. Ylang Ylang Cananga odorata Documented for benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate. 
Codonopsis Codonopsis pilosula Documented for syringin, tangshenoside. 
Devil's Claw Harpagophytum procumbens Documented for leucosceptoside A, verbascoside. 
Flaxseed Linum usitatissimum Documented for matairesinol, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. 
Horopito Pseudowintera colorata Documented for anthocyanins, eugenol. 
Iris Iris versicolor Documented for isophthalic acid, salicylic acid. 
Isatis Isatis indigotica Documented for clemastanin B, syringic acid. 
Kratom Mitragyna speciosa Documented for epicatechin, flavonoids. 
Lion's Mane Hericium erinaceus Documented for hericene A, hericenones. 
Lobelia Lobelia inflata Toxic Documented for quercetin, scopoletin. 
Maca Lepidium meyenii Documented for polyphenols, tannins. 
Marjoram Origanum majorana Documented for caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid. 
Shatavari Asparagus racemosus Documented for quercetin, racemosol. 
Spikenard Aralia racemosa Documented for 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid. 
Zizyphus Ziziphus spinosa Documented for spinosin, swertisin. 
Andrographis Andrographis paniculata Documented for flavonoids. 
Bacopa Bacopa monnieri Documented for flavonoids. 
Baneberry ☠️ Actaea rubra Toxic Documented for ranunculin. Bitter Melon Momordica charantia Documented for rutin. 
Black Pepper Piper nigrum Documented for piperonal. Chaga Inonotus obliquus Documented for polyphenols. 
Devil's Club Oplopanax horridus Documented for sesamin. 
Dong Quai Angelica sinensis Documented for ferulic acid. 
Epeña Virola spp. Documented for grandisin. 
Frankincense Boswellia serrata Documented for phlobaphenes. 
Garlic Allium sativum Documented for flavonoids. 
Goldenseal Hydrastis canadensis Documented for sideroxylin. 
Lemongrass Cymbopogon citratus Documented for chlorogenic acid. 
Lodgepole Pine Pinus contorta Documented for ethyl trans-cinnamate. 
Mandrake ☠️ Mandragora officinarum Toxic Documented for scopoletin. 
Manuka Leptospermum scoparium Documented for tannins. 
Neem Azadirachta indica Documented for quercetin. 
Periwinkle Vinca major Documented for tannins. 
Saffron Crocus sativus Documented for kaempferol. 
Saw Palmetto Serenoa repens Documented for flavonoids. 
Sinicuichi Heimia salicifolia Documented for tannins. 
Slippery Elm Ulmus rubra Documented for tannins. 
Suma Pfaffia paniculata Documented for tiliroside. 
Tinder Conk Fomes fomentarius Documented for fomentariol. Keep Exploring
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