Jujuboside A

Jujuboside A at a Glance

Jujuboside A is the principal dammarane-type triterpene saponin of sour jujube seed (suan zao ren), the classic sedative seed of Chinese medicine, and one of its two official quality markers alongside spinosin.

It is the compound most credited with the seed’s sedative and anxiolytic reputation, with preclinical work pointing to GABAergic and serotonergic involvement.

Like other large saponins it is poorly absorbed, which is the standing question over its contribution to the whole herb’s effect.

Jujuboside A and B: One Sugar Apart

The two jujubosides are usually presented as a major saponin and a minor one. The more useful description is that jujuboside B is what jujuboside A becomes — and that it may be doing the work.

Both are glycosides of the same aglycone, jujubogenin, a dammarane triterpene carrying an unusual tricyclic ketal across its D, E and F rings ^{19Reference 19Karimov RR et al. · 2018Synthesis of the hexacyclic triterpene core of the jujuboside saponins via tandem Wolff rearrangement–intramolecular ketene hetero-Diels-Alder reactionView study →}. Jujuboside A differs from jujuboside B by a single additional sugar on the C-3 chain; strip it and you have jujuboside B, strip the rest and you have jujubogenin. That sequence is not a laboratory curiosity — it is what happens to an oral dose.

A 2017 study followed jujuboside A through the rat gastrointestinal tract and reported three things that change how the rest of the evidence reads ^{14Reference 14Song P et al. · 2017In vitroGastrointestinal absorption and metabolic dynamics of jujuboside A, a saponin derived from the seed of Ziziphus jujuba — rat in vivo and in vitroView study →}:

• Oral bioavailability is 1.32%. Only a trace of the intact saponin is absorbed.
• The loss is not malabsorption — it is hydrolysis, and it happens in the stomach. Jujuboside A is broken down largely by the gastric environment before it reaches the duodenum and colon where absorption occurs. That is unusual: most saponins are described as surviving to the colon and being deglycosylated by bacteria there.
• The metabolites are the ones acting on the target. Jujuboside B and jujubogenin — not jujuboside A — produced significant effects on the expression and activation of GABA-A receptors, leading the authors to conclude that the metabolites, rather than the parent saponin, are responsible for the specific bioactivities.

That conclusion sits awkwardly beside the rest of the literature, and neither cancels the other. Jujuboside A has the deeper and more specific mechanistic file — hippocampal glutamate/NMDA suppression, calmodulin binding, GABAergic modulation of the paraventricular thalamus ^{1,8,9,10Reference 1Wang M et al. · 2025Jujuboside A ameliorates insomnia via GABAergic modulation of the paraventricular thalamusView study →Reference 8Zhang M et al. · 2003Inhibitory effect of jujuboside A on the glutamate-mediated excitatory signal pathway in the hippocampusView study →Reference 9Zhang M et al. · 2005AnimalInhibitory effects of jujuboside A on EEG and hippocampal glutamate in the hyperactive ratView study →Reference 10Zhou Y et al. · 1994Zhou Y, Li Y, Wang Z, et al. (1994). ¹H NMR and spin-labeled EPR studies on the interaction of calmodulin with jujuboside A. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8037706/View study →} — but most of that work is intraperitoneal, intracerebroventricular or in vitro, which is precisely the route the 1.32% figure says an oral dose does not take. Jujuboside B’s file is thinner, but it is the molecule an oral dose actually delivers.

	Jujuboside A	Jujuboside B
Relationship	Parent saponin	One sugar smaller; also jujuboside A’s first metabolite
Seed content	~0.24–0.96 mg/g	~0.13–0.19 mg/g
Official quality marker	Yes (with spinosin)	No
Evidence depth	Deeper — multi-model sedative, antidepressant, Aβ clearance	Thinner — one study per signal
Route of most studies	Injected or in vitro	Injected or in vitro
GABA-A effect after oral jujuboside A	Not the acting species	One of the two acting species 14Reference 14Song P et al. · 2017In vitroGastrointestinal absorption and metabolic dynamics of jujuboside A, a saponin derived from the seed of Ziziphus jujuba — rat in vivo and in vitroView study →

What It's Used For

Jujuboside A is the principal dammarane-type triterpene saponin of sour jujube seed (Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa, suan zao ren) and, with spinosin, one of the two official quality markers of the seed. It is the best-studied of the seed’s sedative actives, and the anchor of its GABAergic mechanism family: jujuboside A and spinosin are the pharmacopoeial markers, and the seed’s sedation is shared with the cyclopeptide alkaloid sanjoinine A and, more weakly, its membrane-active sibling jujuboside B. All isolate data are preclinical, and the human insomnia evidence is the whole seed / Suanzaoren decoction, in which jujuboside A is a marker active rather than a separately-trialled drug.

Evidence by IndicationStrength of support · Beta

01Sedative / hypnotic & anxiolyticPromising52%PVT GABAergic + hippocampal glutamate/NMDA + calmodulin ^{1,2,8,9,10Reference 1Wang M et al. · 2025Jujuboside A ameliorates insomnia via GABAergic modulation of the paraventricular thalamusView study →Reference 2Zhang Z et al. · 2025Jujuboside A improves insomnia by maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis in prefrontal neuronsView study →Reference 8Zhang M et al. · 2003Inhibitory effect of jujuboside A on the glutamate-mediated excitatory signal pathway in the hippocampusView study →Reference 9Zhang M et al. · 2005AnimalInhibitory effects of jujuboside A on EEG and hippocampal glutamate in the hyperactive ratView study →Reference 10Zhou Y et al. · 1994Zhou Y, Li Y, Wang Z, et al. (1994). ¹H NMR and spin-labeled EPR studies on the interaction of calmodulin with jujuboside A. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8037706/View study →}

02Neuroprotective (Aβ clearance)Shaky40%One AD-model Axl/HSP90/PPARγ study ^{3Reference 3Zhang M et al. · 2018Jujuboside A promotes Aβ clearance and ameliorates cognitive deficiency in Alzheimer’s disease through the Axl/HSP90/PPARγ pathwayView study →}

03AntidepressantShaky38%Two rodent models (BDNF/TrkB/CREB; P2X7R-BDNF) ^{4,5Reference 4Li H et al. · 2022AnimalThe antidepressant effect of jujuboside A on corticosterone-induced depression in miceView study →Reference 5Liu J et al. · 2026Jujuboside A alleviates visceral pain and depression comorbidity and modulates the P2X7R–BDNF axisView study →}

04Metabolic / hepatoprotectiveShaky30%Single-organ leads (fatty liver; sepsis heart) ^{11,12Reference 11Wang X et al. · 2024Jujuboside A, through YY1/CYP2E1 signalling, alleviated type-2-diabetes-associated fatty liver diseaseView study →Reference 12Wang Z et al. · 2023Jujuboside A attenuates sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy by inhibiting inflammation and regulating autophagyView study →}

05Anticancer (preclinical)Shaky20%One bladder-cancer cell study ^{13Reference 13Zhu M et al. · 2026Jujuboside A induces bladder-cancer-cell apoptosis by inhibiting ATP1A2-mediated mitochondrial energy metabolismView study →}

Mechanisms

Pharmacokinetics

Jujuboside A is a large, polar dammarane-type triterpene glycoside with poor oral bioavailability — measured at 1.32% in rats, and the recurring translational caveat across the Ziziphi Spinosae Semen reviews ^{6,7,14Reference 6He SR et al. · 2020ReviewBotanical, traditional, phytochemical, pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and toxicological characteristics of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen: a reviewView study →Reference 7Liu Y et al. · 2024ReviewPhytochemical, pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and toxicological characteristics of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen: a reviewView study →Reference 14Song P et al. · 2017In vitroGastrointestinal absorption and metabolic dynamics of jujuboside A, a saponin derived from the seed of Ziziphus jujuba — rat in vivo and in vitroView study →}. It is stripped stepwise to jujuboside B and then to the aglycone jujubogenin, so most of the systemic exposure after oral seed intake is as downstream metabolites rather than intact jujuboside A. The unusual detail is where that happens: the loss is attributed not to malabsorption but to hydrolysis in the stomach, before the saponin reaches the duodenum and colon where absorption takes place ^{14Reference 14Song P et al. · 2017In vitroGastrointestinal absorption and metabolic dynamics of jujuboside A, a saponin derived from the seed of Ziziphus jujuba — rat in vivo and in vitroView study →}. Most of the pharmacology cited above used injected (i.p./i.c.v.) or in-vitro dosing, which bypasses that first-pass hydrolysis entirely — the key reason isolate potency does not map onto an oral dose. There are no validated human PK parameters for the isolate.

Clinical Trials

There are no trials of isolated jujuboside A. Human evidence exists only at the whole-seed / Suanzaoren decoction level for insomnia, where jujuboside A is one of two official marker actives (with spinosin) ^{6,7Reference 6He SR et al. · 2020ReviewBotanical, traditional, phytochemical, pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and toxicological characteristics of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen: a reviewView study →Reference 7Liu Y et al. · 2024ReviewPhytochemical, pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and toxicological characteristics of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen: a reviewView study →}; no registered trial isolates the compound.

Last checked: September 2026.

Isolate vs. Plant Studies

No human trial has ever used isolated jujuboside A. The clinical evidence for insomnia belongs to the whole seed and to Suanzaoren decoction, in which jujuboside A is one of two pharmacopoeial marker actives alongside spinosin, and where the cyclopeptide alkaloid sanjoinine A and jujuboside B also contribute ^{6,7Reference 6He SR et al. · 2020ReviewBotanical, traditional, phytochemical, pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and toxicological characteristics of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen: a reviewView study →Reference 7Liu Y et al. · 2024ReviewPhytochemical, pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and toxicological characteristics of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen: a reviewView study →}. Attribution to any single molecule is inference.

The isolate work is real and mechanistically specific — hippocampal glutamate and NMDA suppression ^{8,9Reference 8Zhang M et al. · 2003Inhibitory effect of jujuboside A on the glutamate-mediated excitatory signal pathway in the hippocampusView study →Reference 9Zhang M et al. · 2005AnimalInhibitory effects of jujuboside A on EEG and hippocampal glutamate in the hyperactive ratView study →}, direct calmodulin binding shown by NMR and spin-labelled EPR ^{10Reference 10Zhou Y et al. · 1994Zhou Y, Li Y, Wang Z, et al. (1994). ¹H NMR and spin-labeled EPR studies on the interaction of calmodulin with jujuboside A. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8037706/View study →}, GABAergic modulation of the paraventricular thalamus ^{1Reference 1Wang M et al. · 2025Jujuboside A ameliorates insomnia via GABAergic modulation of the paraventricular thalamusView study →} — but almost all of it is delivered by injection or applied directly to tissue. That is the crux. An oral dose of the seed does not deliver jujuboside A to the brain; it delivers jujuboside B and jujubogenin ^{14Reference 14Song P et al. · 2017In vitroGastrointestinal absorption and metabolic dynamics of jujuboside A, a saponin derived from the seed of Ziziphus jujuba — rat in vivo and in vitroView study →}. So the isolate studies describe what the molecule can do when it reaches a neuron, and the whole-seed studies describe what happens when people take the herb, and the two are joined by a metabolic step rather than by a shared exposure.

The honest reading is that jujuboside A is best understood as the seed’s marker and precursor rather than as its active principle — a good quality-control handle, and the source of the molecules that act.

Its Role in Plants

Jujuboside A is a seed saponin, and the seed is where it stays. Within Ziziphi Spinosae Semen it is a kernel constituent rather than a coat one: jujuboside A is about 24 times more concentrated in the kernel than in the reddish-brown seed coat, alongside spinosin (18× the coat), while the coat’s own chemistry is dominated by betulinic acid and oleic acid ^{15Reference 15Shi YH et al. · 2024Shi YH, Nan Y, Zheng W, et al. (2024). [Qualitative and semiquantitative analyses of the chemical components of the seed coat and kernel of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen]. Se Pu (Chinese Journal of Chromatography). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38503700/View study →}. Mass-spectrometry imaging resolves it further, mapping the saponins heterogeneously across cotyledon, endosperm and radicle ^{16Reference 16Ma D et al. · 2024Spatial distribution of metabolites in processing Ziziphi Spinosae Semen as revealed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imagingView study →}.

The ecological logic is the ordinary saponin one — a surfactant, membrane-active glycoside banked in the embryo of a small stone fruit’s seed, where it deters the animals that would crack and eat it. Two of the jujubosides’ reported activities fit that role directly: the family is described as antibacterial and antifungal, and, distinctively, antisweet — jujubogenin glycosides suppress the perception of sweetness ^{19Reference 19Karimov RR et al. · 2018Synthesis of the hexacyclic triterpene core of the jujuboside saponins via tandem Wolff rearrangement–intramolecular ketene hetero-Diels-Alder reactionView study →}, which in a fruit-bearing shrub reads as a way of making the seed unrewarding without making the fruit so.

Processing changes the picture in a way that matters for the herb. Suan zao ren is traditionally dry-fried, and imaging before and after frying shows the distribution area of two of the seed’s saponins increasing significantly, along with six flavonoids and three alkaloids ^{16Reference 16Ma D et al. · 2024Spatial distribution of metabolites in processing Ziziphi Spinosae Semen as revealed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imagingView study →} — the roast is not merely a drying step.

Prevalence in Nature

Jujuboside A belongs to Ziziphus (Rhamnaceae) and is not a dietary molecule outside that genus. Its established source is the dried seed of sour jujube, Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa, at roughly 0.24–0.96 mg/g of dried seed — a low concentration, and a wide one, varying with germplasm, harvest timing and roasting ^{7Reference 7Liu Y et al. · 2024ReviewPhytochemical, pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and toxicological characteristics of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen: a reviewView study →}.

Two comparisons are worth keeping straight. First, the cultivated jujube’s seed is not the same material: a controlled multi-omics comparison of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (wild, var. spinosa) against Semen Jujubae (cultivated, var. jujuba) found the wild seed higher in total saponins, total flavonoids, total phenols and antioxidant activity, while the cultivated seed was the better on protein and soluble sugar ^{17Reference 17Ju J et al. · 2026An integrated analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics offers profound insights into the mechanisms of metabolic differentiation between Semen Ziziphi Spinosae and Semen JujubaeView study →}. The pharmacopoeia’s insistence on the sour jujube is a chemical distinction, not a traditional preference.

Second, the molecule is not confined to seeds. Jujuboside A was isolated from the root bark of Ziziphus lotus, a North African and Mediterranean relative, in a study that also described jujuboside C and two saponins built on a different aglycone ^{18Reference 18Renault JH et al. · 1997Dammarane saponins from Zizyphus lotusView study →}.

Major Natural Sources

Source	Part	Jujuboside A
Sour jujube (Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa)	Dried seed	~0.24–0.96 mg/g dry wt — the pharmacopoeial source 7Reference 7Liu Y et al. · 2024ReviewPhytochemical, pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and toxicological characteristics of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen: a reviewView study →
Sour jujube	Seed kernel vs coat	~24× more concentrated in the kernel than the coat 15Reference 15Shi YH et al. · 2024Shi YH, Nan Y, Zheng W, et al. (2024). [Qualitative and semiquantitative analyses of the chemical components of the seed coat and kernel of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen]. Se Pu (Chinese Journal of Chromatography). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38503700/View study →
Cultivated jujube (Z. jujuba var. jujuba)	Seed	Present; the seed is lower in total saponins than the wild variety 17Reference 17Ju J et al. · 2026An integrated analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics offers profound insights into the mechanisms of metabolic differentiation between Semen Ziziphi Spinosae and Semen JujubaeView study →
Ziziphus lotus	Root bark	Isolated and structurally confirmed 18Reference 18Renault JH et al. · 1997Dammarane saponins from Zizyphus lotusView study →

Discovery & Synthesis

Jujuboside A entered the literature as one of the saponins of suan zao ren, and its history is inseparable from its aglycone. Jujubogenin is a dammarane triterpene with a unique tricyclic ketal forming its D, E and F rings — a motif rare enough that it, rather than the sugars, has been the focus of the synthetic work ^{19Reference 19Karimov RR et al. · 2018Synthesis of the hexacyclic triterpene core of the jujuboside saponins via tandem Wolff rearrangement–intramolecular ketene hetero-Diels-Alder reactionView study →}. The glycosides themselves were described alongside one another, and jujuboside A’s structural relationship to jujuboside B — one sugar apart on the same aglycone — was clear from the outset; the later addition of jujuboside C came from the Ziziphus lotus work ^{18Reference 18Renault JH et al. · 1997Dammarane saponins from Zizyphus lotusView study →}.

There is no total synthesis of jujuboside A, and none is likely to be commercially useful. The closest the field has come is the aglycone: in 2018 Rashad Karimov, Derek Tan and David Gin at Memorial Sloan Kettering assembled the hexacyclic core of jujubogenin, using a sterically demanding intermolecular Diels–Alder reaction to build the C ring and a tandem Wolff rearrangement–intramolecular ketene hetero-Diels–Alder to form the DF ring system, closing the E ring by acid-catalysed cyclisation of the resulting bicyclic enol ether ^{19Reference 19Karimov RR et al. · 2018Synthesis of the hexacyclic triterpene core of the jujuboside saponins via tandem Wolff rearrangement–intramolecular ketene hetero-Diels-Alder reactionView study →}. Commercial jujuboside A is extracted from sour jujube seed — a process constrained by a starting material that is under 1 mg/g saponin.

Patents: not yet researched (future patent-loop pass).

Toxicity & Safety

Jujuboside A carries a low toxicity flag, and the practical concern is less the compound itself than what you combine it with — as a centrally-active sedative it adds to alcohol, benzodiazepines and other CNS depressants.

Safety at a Glance

✅ Low / no toxicitySedative interactions

• Low toxicity flag. The official sedative marker of a food/medicinal seed with a long human ingestion history, present at under 1 mg/g of dried seed.
• Avoid the isolate in pregnancy. No reproductive-safety data at all.
• Additive CNS depression. Sedative activity stacks with alcohol, benzodiazepines and other sedatives.
• No isolate safety pharmacology. Standard saponin caveats apply, including GI irritation at high isolated doses.

Full Safety & Interactions Detail

Jujuboside A carries a low flag. Although saponins as a class can be membrane-active, jujuboside A is the official sedative quality marker of a food/medicinal seed with a long human ingestion history (suan zao ren, dry-fried in decoction), present at only ~0.24–0.96 mg/g of dried seed, and no high-tier organ-toxicity or antiplatelet signal specific to it appears in the reviewed literature ^{6,7Reference 6He SR et al. · 2020ReviewBotanical, traditional, phytochemical, pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and toxicological characteristics of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen: a reviewView study →Reference 7Liu Y et al. · 2024ReviewPhytochemical, pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and toxicological characteristics of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen: a reviewView study →}.

Its sibling jujuboside B is rated more cautiously, on membrane-active saponin behaviour plus documented antiplatelet activity and no isolate safety data. Standard saponin caveats still apply (GI irritation at high isolated doses; no isolate safety pharmacology), and as a centrally-active sedative it implies additive CNS depression with alcohol, benzodiazepines and other sedatives.

Dosage

There is no established human dose for isolated jujuboside A; all cited figures are preclinical rodent/in-vitro research doses, not recommendations. Human exposure occurs via the whole suan zao ren seed (traditionally 9–18 g dry-fried in decoction), within which jujuboside A is a marker constituent at ~0.24–0.96 mg/g of dried seed (varying with germplasm, harvest timing and roasting) ^{7Reference 7Liu Y et al. · 2024ReviewPhytochemical, pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and toxicological characteristics of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen: a reviewView study →}. Poor oral bioavailability and gut hydrolysis mean ingested jujuboside A is largely converted to jujuboside B / jujubogenin.

References

1. Wang M, Wang G, Zhao M, et al. (2025). Jujuboside A ameliorates insomnia via GABAergic modulation of the paraventricular thalamus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40354840/
2. Zhang Z, Che X, Feng T, et al. (2025). Jujuboside A improves insomnia by maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis in prefrontal neurons. Brain Research Bulletin. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40334994/
3. Zhang M, et al. (2018). Jujuboside A promotes Aβ clearance and ameliorates cognitive deficiency in Alzheimer’s disease through the Axl/HSP90/PPARγ pathway. Theranostics. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30128052/
4. Li H, Li J, Zhang T, et al. (2022). The antidepressant effect of jujuboside A on corticosterone-induced depression in mice. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35780581/
5. Liu J, Liu Y, Liu C, et al. (2026). Jujuboside A alleviates visceral pain and depression comorbidity and modulates the P2X7R–BDNF axis. Phytomedicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41547067/
6. He SR, Zhao CB, Zhang JX, et al. (2020). Botanical, traditional, phytochemical, pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and toxicological characteristics of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen: a review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32695210/
7. Liu Y, et al. (2024). Phytochemical, pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and toxicological characteristics of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen: a review. Frontiers in Pharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39679366/
8. Zhang M, et al. (2003). Inhibitory effect of jujuboside A on the glutamate-mediated excitatory signal pathway in the hippocampus. Planta Medica. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14531016/
9. Zhang M, et al. (2005). Inhibitory effects of jujuboside A on EEG and hippocampal glutamate in the hyperactive rat. Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15754424/
10. Zhou Y, Li Y, Wang Z, et al. (1994). ¹H NMR and spin-labeled EPR studies on the interaction of calmodulin with jujuboside A. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8037706/
11. Wang X, et al. (2024). Jujuboside A, through YY1/CYP2E1 signalling, alleviated type-2-diabetes-associated fatty liver disease. Chemico-Biological Interactions. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39059604/
12. Wang Z, Xiao D, Ji Q, et al. (2023). Jujuboside A attenuates sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy by inhibiting inflammation and regulating autophagy. European Journal of Pharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36502962/
13. Zhu M, Liu Y, Jia Y, et al. (2026). Jujuboside A induces bladder-cancer-cell apoptosis by inhibiting ATP1A2-mediated mitochondrial energy metabolism. Cancer Biology & Therapy. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41533486/
14. Song P, Zhang Y, Ma G, et al. (2017). Gastrointestinal absorption and metabolic dynamics of jujuboside A, a saponin derived from the seed of Ziziphus jujuba — rat in vivo and in vitro. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28868886/
15. Shi YH, Nan Y, Zheng W, et al. (2024). [Qualitative and semiquantitative analyses of the chemical components of the seed coat and kernel of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen]. Se Pu (Chinese Journal of Chromatography). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38503700/
16. Ma D, Zhao M, Guo H, et al. (2024). Spatial distribution of metabolites in processing Ziziphi Spinosae Semen as revealed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging. Scientific Reports. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38961089/
17. Ju J, Xuan J, Song X, et al. (2026). An integrated analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics offers profound insights into the mechanisms of metabolic differentiation between Semen Ziziphi Spinosae and Semen Jujubae. BMC Plant Biology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41749084/
18. Renault JH, Ghedira K, Thepenier P, et al. (1997). Dammarane saponins from Zizyphus lotus. Phytochemistry. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9115699/
19. Karimov RR, Tan DS, Gin DY (2018). Synthesis of the hexacyclic triterpene core of the jujuboside saponins via tandem Wolff rearrangement–intramolecular ketene hetero-Diels-Alder reaction. Tetrahedron. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30467444/

View all 19 references▾