Tyrosol

Tyrosol at a Glance

Tyrosol, or 4-hydroxyphenylethanol, is a simple phenylethanoid — a two-carbon alcohol side chain on a single-hydroxyl phenol ring. It is one of the characteristic phenols of olive oil, wine and beer, and it is the aglycone of salidroside, the marker glycoside that standardised rhodiola extracts are measured by. Those two identities — Mediterranean-diet phenol and adaptogen precursor — are the reason this small molecule turns up across such different herbs and foods.

Chemically it is the milder cousin of hydroxytyrosol. Hydroxytyrosol carries a second hydroxyl on the ring (a catechol); tyrosol has just one, which makes it a much weaker direct antioxidant. Both are released when oleuropein, the olive’s bitter secoiridoid, is hydrolysed — so on an olive-leaf or olive-oil label, tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol travel together as the phenolic breakdown products of the same parent.

The honest posture is that tyrosol’s biology is almost entirely preclinical. Isolated tyrosol shows cardioprotective, longevity, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant signals in cells, nematodes and rodents ^{1,2,4,5Reference 1Di Benedetto R et al. · 2007Tyrosol, the major extra virgin olive oil compound, restored intracellular antioxidant defences in spite of its weak antioxidative effectivenessView study →Reference 2Samuel SM et al. · 2008AnimalAkt/FOXO3a/SIRT1-mediated cardioprotection by n-tyrosol against ischemic stress in rat in vivo model of myocardial infarction: switching gears toward survival and longevityView study →Reference 4Cañuelo A et al. · 2012Tyrosol, a main phenol present in extra virgin olive oil, increases lifespan and stress resistance in Caenorhabditis elegansView study →Reference 5Kim YY et al. · 2017Tyrosol attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting the inflammatory response and maintaining the alveolar capillary barrierView study →}, but there are no controlled human efficacy trials of the isolate — the human data are dietary-exposure and biomarker studies, and the whole-food/whole-extract claims belong to olive oil and Rhodiola, not to pure tyrosol.

Tyrosol vs. Hydroxytyrosol

The single most useful fact about tyrosol is what it lacks: a second ring hydroxyl. Hydroxytyrosol is a catechol (two adjacent –OH groups on the benzene ring), a structure that donates hydrogen atoms and stabilises the resulting phenoxyl radical exceptionally well. Tyrosol is a mono-phenol (one para –OH), so as a direct radical scavenger it is markedly weaker — in the same cell-mediated LDL-oxidation assay, hydroxytyrosol blocked oxidation almost completely while tyrosol managed roughly 40% ^{1Reference 1Di Benedetto R et al. · 2007Tyrosol, the major extra virgin olive oil compound, restored intracellular antioxidant defences in spite of its weak antioxidative effectivenessView study →}.

Yet tyrosol is not inert. In that same study it restored intracellular antioxidant defences despite its weak direct antioxidative effectiveness, apparently by accumulating inside cells over time (hydroxytyrosol entered quickly but was consumed within hours, while tyrosol built up) ^{1Reference 1Di Benedetto R et al. · 2007Tyrosol, the major extra virgin olive oil compound, restored intracellular antioxidant defences in spite of its weak antioxidative effectivenessView study →}. This is the recurring theme of the tyrosol literature: it works less by quenching radicals in a test tube and more by nudging the cell’s own protective machinery — a mechanism that also fits its hormetic longevity signal (see below) ^{4Reference 4Cañuelo A et al. · 2012Tyrosol, a main phenol present in extra virgin olive oil, increases lifespan and stress resistance in Caenorhabditis elegansView study →}.

Both molecules share an origin. In the olive they are the hydrolysis products of oleuropein (and of ligstroside, tyrosol’s secoiridoid parent): the plant’s β-glucosidase and esterase, gut microbiota, curing and heat all liberate the free phenols.

Tyrosol & Salidroside

Tyrosol’s second identity is as the aglycone of salidroside — the genus-wide chemical marker of rhodiola. Salidroside is simply tyrosol with a glucose attached at the 8-position (tyrosol 8-O-β-D-glucoside); the plant builds it by making tyrosol from the amino acid tyrosine and then glucosylating it (see Its Role in Plants) ^{11Reference 11Torrens-Spence MP et al. · 2018Complete pathway elucidation and heterologous reconstitution of Rhodiola salidroside biosynthesisView study →}.

That glycosidic bond is reversible in the body, and this is the compound-unique point. After rats are dosed with salidroside, the main species recovered in blood and tissues is not salidroside but its aglycone p-tyrosol — salidroside is extensively deglycosylated, and the liberated tyrosol distributes widely, reaching its highest tissue concentration in the heart ^{8Reference 8Guo N et al. · 2014AnimalThe metabolism of salidroside to its aglycone p-tyrosol in rats following the administration of salidrosideView study →}. In other words, much of what “salidroside” does pharmacologically may actually be delivered as tyrosol. When both were tested head-to-head against hypoxia-induced loss of membrane Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, salidroside and tyrosol each reversed the effect through the same ROS–AMPK–PKCζ pathway ^{7Reference 7Lee SY et al. · 2013Rhodiola crenulata and its bioactive components, salidroside and tyrosol, reverse the hypoxia-induced reduction of plasma-membrane-associated Na,K-ATPase expression via inhibition of the ROS-AMPK-PKCξ pathwayView study →}.

The honest boundary: Rhodiola’s adaptogenic and anti-fatigue reputation is for the whole standardised extract and for salidroside, not for isolated tyrosol. Tyrosol is the shared building block and a plausible active metabolite — a mechanistic bridge between the olive and the adaptogen — but it has not itself carried a human adaptogen trial.

What It's Used For

Tyrosol’s evidence base is preclinical throughout — cells, nematodes and rodents on the isolated molecule, with the human record limited to dietary absorption and biomarker work.

Evidence by IndicationStrength of support · Beta

Support is an experimental score — weighted by study type (human > animal > in vitro) and volume. A beta, not a validated metric. Every row here is preclinical (no human isolate trials), so scores stay modest by design; read the per-row basis.

01Cardioprotective / ischaemic-stressShaky44%Rat in-vivo MI (SIRT1/Akt/eNOS) + cardiomyocyte ER-stress protection ^{2,3Reference 2Samuel SM et al. · 2008AnimalAkt/FOXO3a/SIRT1-mediated cardioprotection by n-tyrosol against ischemic stress in rat in vivo model of myocardial infarction: switching gears toward survival and longevityView study →Reference 3Monceaux K et al. · 2022Ferulic acid, pterostilbene, and tyrosol protect the heart from ER-stress-induced injury by activating SIRT1-dependent deacetylation of eIF2αView study →}

02Anti-inflammatoryShaky40%Mouse acute lung injury + macrophage/intestinal NF-κB, iNOS/COX-2 ^{5,6Reference 5Kim YY et al. · 2017Tyrosol attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting the inflammatory response and maintaining the alveolar capillary barrierView study →Reference 6Serreli G et al. · 2019Modulation of LPS-induced nitric oxide production in intestinal cells by hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol metabolites: insight into the mechanism of actionView study →}

03Antioxidant (indirect / cytoprotective)Shaky34%Weak direct scavenger but restores intracellular defences in vitro ^{1Reference 1Di Benedetto R et al. · 2007Tyrosol, the major extra virgin olive oil compound, restored intracellular antioxidant defences in spite of its weak antioxidative effectivenessView study →}

04Longevity & stress resistanceShaky32%C. elegans lifespan + thermal/oxidative-stress resistance (hormesis) ^{4Reference 4Cañuelo A et al. · 2012Tyrosol, a main phenol present in extra virgin olive oil, increases lifespan and stress resistance in Caenorhabditis elegansView study →}

05Hypoxia adaptation & ion transportShaky26%Cell hypoxia model; ROS–AMPK–PKCζ; Rhodiola context ^{7Reference 7Lee SY et al. · 2013Rhodiola crenulata and its bioactive components, salidroside and tyrosol, reverse the hypoxia-induced reduction of plasma-membrane-associated Na,K-ATPase expression via inhibition of the ROS-AMPK-PKCξ pathwayView study →}

Mechanisms

The load-bearing subtlety is the top rows against the antioxidant row: tyrosol’s mammalian effects run more through SIRT1/FOXO3a survival signalling and hormesis than through the direct free-radical quenching that its weak catechol-free structure would predict ^{1,2,3Reference 1Di Benedetto R et al. · 2007Tyrosol, the major extra virgin olive oil compound, restored intracellular antioxidant defences in spite of its weak antioxidative effectivenessView study →Reference 2Samuel SM et al. · 2008AnimalAkt/FOXO3a/SIRT1-mediated cardioprotection by n-tyrosol against ischemic stress in rat in vivo model of myocardial infarction: switching gears toward survival and longevityView study →Reference 3Monceaux K et al. · 2022Ferulic acid, pterostilbene, and tyrosol protect the heart from ER-stress-induced injury by activating SIRT1-dependent deacetylation of eIF2αView study →}.

Pharmacokinetics

Tyrosol is a small, water-soluble phenol and is well absorbed from realistic dietary doses. After volunteers consumed virgin olive oil, 24-hour urinary tyrosol rose dose-dependently, and — because tyrosol is a better-retained biomarker than hydroxytyrosol — it was proposed as a marker of sustained olive-oil intake ^{9Reference 9Miró-Casas E et al. · 2003Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol are absorbed from moderate and sustained doses of virgin olive oil in humansView study →}. It is heavily conjugated: only ~14% of urinary tyrosol (and ~6% of hydroxytyrosol) is excreted free, the rest as glucuronides and sulfates ^{10Reference 10Miró-Casas E et al. · 2001Capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry quantitative determination of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol in human urine after olive oil intakeView study →}. This matters because those conjugates are not inert — tyrosol’s glucuronide/sulfate metabolites retain anti-inflammatory (iNOS-inhibiting) activity ^{6Reference 6Serreli G et al. · 2019Modulation of LPS-induced nitric oxide production in intestinal cells by hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol metabolites: insight into the mechanism of actionView study →}. A distinctive extra route feeds the pool: salidroside from Rhodiola is deglycosylated to tyrosol in vivo, so oral salidroside effectively behaves as a tyrosol pro-drug, with the aglycone concentrating in tissues (highest in the heart) ^{8Reference 8Guo N et al. · 2014AnimalThe metabolism of salidroside to its aglycone p-tyrosol in rats following the administration of salidrosideView study →}. Robust isolated-tyrosol human PK (Cmax, half-life, absolute bioavailability of the pure compound) is not well established — the human numbers come from olive-oil feeding, not from dosing the isolate.

Clinical Trials

There are no controlled efficacy trials of isolated tyrosol. The human evidence is dietary and biomarker work: olive-oil feeding studies establishing that tyrosol is absorbed and appears (largely conjugated) in urine ^{9,10Reference 9Miró-Casas E et al. · 2003Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol are absorbed from moderate and sustained doses of virgin olive oil in humansView study →Reference 10Miró-Casas E et al. · 2001Capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry quantitative determination of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol in human urine after olive oil intakeView study →}. Any clinical claim attached to tyrosol travels inside olive oil or Rhodiola extract, not the pure molecule.

Last checked: July 2026.

Isolate vs. Plant Studies

Tyrosol inverts nothing and hides nothing: the mechanistic and behavioural evidence is the isolated molecule, in cells, nematodes and rodents — the rat-MI cardioprotection ^{2Reference 2Samuel SM et al. · 2008AnimalAkt/FOXO3a/SIRT1-mediated cardioprotection by n-tyrosol against ischemic stress in rat in vivo model of myocardial infarction: switching gears toward survival and longevityView study →}, the ER-stress cardiomyocyte work ^{3Reference 3Monceaux K et al. · 2022Ferulic acid, pterostilbene, and tyrosol protect the heart from ER-stress-induced injury by activating SIRT1-dependent deacetylation of eIF2αView study →}, the C. elegans lifespan study ^{4Reference 4Cañuelo A et al. · 2012Tyrosol, a main phenol present in extra virgin olive oil, increases lifespan and stress resistance in Caenorhabditis elegansView study →}, the mouse acute-lung-injury and macrophage anti-inflammatory work ^{5,6Reference 5Kim YY et al. · 2017Tyrosol attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting the inflammatory response and maintaining the alveolar capillary barrierView study →Reference 6Serreli G et al. · 2019Modulation of LPS-induced nitric oxide production in intestinal cells by hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol metabolites: insight into the mechanism of actionView study →}, the LDL-oxidation cytoprotection ^{1Reference 1Di Benedetto R et al. · 2007Tyrosol, the major extra virgin olive oil compound, restored intracellular antioxidant defences in spite of its weak antioxidative effectivenessView study →} and the hypoxia/Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase experiments ^{7Reference 7Lee SY et al. · 2013Rhodiola crenulata and its bioactive components, salidroside and tyrosol, reverse the hypoxia-induced reduction of plasma-membrane-associated Na,K-ATPase expression via inhibition of the ROS-AMPK-PKCξ pathwayView study →} all test tyrosol (or p-tyrosol) directly. As a preclinical isolate base this is genuinely broad.

What is absent is human isolate data. Every human result here is either an olive-oil feeding study (absorption, urinary biomarker) ^{9,10Reference 9Miró-Casas E et al. · 2003Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol are absorbed from moderate and sustained doses of virgin olive oil in humansView study →Reference 10Miró-Casas E et al. · 2001Capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry quantitative determination of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol in human urine after olive oil intakeView study →} or belongs to a whole plant/extract — olive oil’s cardiovascular reputation and Rhodiola’s adaptogenic reputation, in which tyrosol is one constituent (and, via salidroside, a metabolite) among many ^{7,8Reference 7Lee SY et al. · 2013Rhodiola crenulata and its bioactive components, salidroside and tyrosol, reverse the hypoxia-induced reduction of plasma-membrane-associated Na,K-ATPase expression via inhibition of the ROS-AMPK-PKCξ pathwayView study →Reference 8Guo N et al. · 2014AnimalThe metabolism of salidroside to its aglycone p-tyrosol in rats following the administration of salidrosideView study →}. The correct framing: strong isolate mechanism, no isolate clinical efficacy, and whole-food/extract human context that cannot be reduced to tyrosol alone.

Its Role in Plants

Tyrosol is made from the amino acid L-tyrosine. In Rhodiola the pathway runs tyrosine → 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (4-HPAA) → tyrosol, and the plant then glucosylates tyrosol to salidroside. The pathway was fully elucidated in Rhodiola: rather than separate decarboxylation and deamination steps, a single pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent 4-HPAA synthase converts tyrosine directly to 4-HPAA, a 4-HPAA reductase yields tyrosol, and a regio-specific tyrosol:UDP-glucose 8-O-glucosyltransferase caps it to salidroside ^{11Reference 11Torrens-Spence MP et al. · 2018Complete pathway elucidation and heterologous reconstitution of Rhodiola salidroside biosynthesisView study →}. The same tyrosine-to-tyrosol chemistry runs in yeast via the Ehrlich pathway, which is why fermentation makes tyrosol (see Prevalence).

Functionally, tyrosol and its glycoside sit in the plant’s phenolic defence and stress chemistry. In olive it is part of the secoiridoid system (the ligstroside/oleuropein complex) whose bitter, reactive hydrolysis products deter herbivores and microbes; in Rhodiola, salidroside accumulation is a stress-responsive trait, and its biosynthesis can be induced by fungal endophytes and other stresses ^{11Reference 11Torrens-Spence MP et al. · 2018Complete pathway elucidation and heterologous reconstitution of Rhodiola salidroside biosynthesisView study →}. Tyrosol is thus both a building block (for salidroside) and, freed by hydrolysis, a defensive phenol in its own right.

Prevalence in Nature

Tyrosol is a widespread simple phenol of the Mediterranean diet and of fermented drinks. Its best-known home is the olive: in virgin olive oil, simple/total tyrosol is measured on the order of ~1.4–7.2 mg/kg (and considerably more is bound in secoiridoid forms released only on full hydrolysis), where it co-occurs with hydroxytyrosol under the EU health claim for olive-oil polyphenols ^{12Reference 12Bellumori M et al. · 2019The EFSA health claim on olive oil polyphenols: acid hydrolysis validation and total hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol determination in Italian virgin olive oilsView study →}. In olive leaf and unripe fruit it appears chiefly as the hydrolysis product of oleuropein and ligstroside.

It is equally a fermentation phenol. Yeast make it from tyrosine during alcoholic fermentation, so it is a normal constituent of wine — reaching values as high as ~40 mg/L (generally higher in reds than whites) — and of beer, its levels shaped by yeast strain, temperature, alcohol and amino-acid content ^{13Reference 13Bordiga M et al. · 2016Factors influencing the formation of histaminol, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and tryptophol in wine: temperature, alcoholic degree, and amino acids concentrationView study →}. Because the same tyrosine-to-tyrosol chemistry operates in animal and human metabolism, tyrosol is also present endogenously, which is why it is flagged here as also endogenous.

Its third notable occurrence is in rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea and related species), where it is present mostly bound as salidroside rather than free — the marker glycoside that standardised Rhodiola extracts are measured by ^{11Reference 11Torrens-Spence MP et al. · 2018Complete pathway elucidation and heterologous reconstitution of Rhodiola salidroside biosynthesisView study →}.

Major Natural Sources

Source	Form / part	Reported tyrosol level
Wine (grape ferment)	fermented beverage	up to ~40 mg/L (reds > whites) 13Reference 13Bordiga M et al. · 2016Factors influencing the formation of histaminol, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and tryptophol in wine: temperature, alcoholic degree, and amino acids concentrationView study →
Virgin olive oil (Olea europaea)	oil	~1.4–7.2 mg/kg simple tyrosol (more bound) 12Reference 12Bellumori M et al. · 2019The EFSA health claim on olive oil polyphenols: acid hydrolysis validation and total hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol determination in Italian virgin olive oilsView study →
Beer	fermented beverage	present; yeast/strain-dependent 13Reference 13Bordiga M et al. · 2016Factors influencing the formation of histaminol, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and tryptophol in wine: temperature, alcoholic degree, and amino acids concentrationView study →
Rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea)	root/rhizome	mostly bound as salidroside 11Reference 11Torrens-Spence MP et al. · 2018Complete pathway elucidation and heterologous reconstitution of Rhodiola salidroside biosynthesisView study →
Olive leaf (Olea europaea)	leaf	as oleuropein/ligstroside hydrolysis product

These figures vary widely with cultivar, matrix, yeast strain and processing, and mix free/simple tyrosol with total (hydrolysis-released) values ^{12,13Reference 12Bellumori M et al. · 2019The EFSA health claim on olive oil polyphenols: acid hydrolysis validation and total hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol determination in Italian virgin olive oilsView study →Reference 13Bordiga M et al. · 2016Factors influencing the formation of histaminol, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and tryptophol in wine: temperature, alcoholic degree, and amino acids concentrationView study →}.

Discovery & Synthesis

Tyrosol has been known as a phenolic constituent of olive products and fermented beverages since the development of olive-oil and wine phenolic chemistry, but a single dated “first isolation” is not cleanly documented in the sources reviewed here — it emerged as part of the broader characterisation of olive secoiridoids and yeast-fermentation higher alcohols rather than as a headline discovery.

Today tyrosol is obtained by extraction (from olive by-products and olive-mill wastewater, where it co-purifies with hydroxytyrosol) and, increasingly, by biotechnological synthesis: engineered Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains make tyrosol from tyrosine via the Ehrlich pathway, and the full Rhodiola route (tyrosine → tyrosol → salidroside) has been reconstituted heterologously in yeast and in Nicotiana benthamiana ^{11Reference 11Torrens-Spence MP et al. · 2018Complete pathway elucidation and heterologous reconstitution of Rhodiola salidroside biosynthesisView study →}. Much industrial interest is in the downstream step — converting tyrosol to the higher-value antioxidant hydroxytyrosol, or glucosylating it to salidroside.

Patents: not yet researched.

Toxicity & Safety

Tyrosol carries a low toxicity flag. It is a normal constituent of foods and drinks humans have consumed for millennia — olive oil, wine and beer — and is formed endogenously, so ordinary dietary exposure has a long, reassuring history ^{9,12,13Reference 9Miró-Casas E et al. · 2003Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol are absorbed from moderate and sustained doses of virgin olive oil in humansView study →Reference 12Bellumori M et al. · 2019The EFSA health claim on olive oil polyphenols: acid hydrolysis validation and total hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol determination in Italian virgin olive oilsView study →Reference 13Bordiga M et al. · 2016Factors influencing the formation of histaminol, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and tryptophol in wine: temperature, alcoholic degree, and amino acids concentrationView study →}. In the animal work it was well tolerated at the doses tested (e.g. oral tyrosol up to 10 mg/kg in the acute-lung-injury study, 5 mg/kg/day for 30 days in the cardioprotection study) ^{2,5Reference 2Samuel SM et al. · 2008AnimalAkt/FOXO3a/SIRT1-mediated cardioprotection by n-tyrosol against ischemic stress in rat in vivo model of myocardial infarction: switching gears toward survival and longevityView study →Reference 5Kim YY et al. · 2017Tyrosol attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting the inflammatory response and maintaining the alveolar capillary barrierView study →}. The practical cautions are about evidence, not hazard.

Safety at a Glance

✅ Low / no toxicity

• Low-toxicity food constituent. A simple phenol of olive oil, wine and beer with a long dietary history and endogenous formation; well tolerated at studied research doses ^{2,5,9Reference 2Samuel SM et al. · 2008AnimalAkt/FOXO3a/SIRT1-mediated cardioprotection by n-tyrosol against ischemic stress in rat in vivo model of myocardial infarction: switching gears toward survival and longevityView study →Reference 5Kim YY et al. · 2017Tyrosol attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting the inflammatory response and maintaining the alveolar capillary barrierView study →Reference 9Miró-Casas E et al. · 2003Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol are absorbed from moderate and sustained doses of virgin olive oil in humansView study →}.
• No human isolate safety or efficacy data. There are no controlled human trials of isolated tyrosol; a dedicated isolate toxicology dossier (repeat-dose, genotoxicity, reproductive) is not characterised in the sources reviewed here — absence of a signal is not the same as demonstrated safety of the concentrate.
• Isolate ≠ food ≠ Rhodiola. Dietary tyrosol comes with the whole olive-oil/wine matrix; in Rhodiola it is mostly bound as salidroside. Read the cardioprotective and longevity findings as preclinical isolate results, not established human benefits ^{2,4Reference 2Samuel SM et al. · 2008AnimalAkt/FOXO3a/SIRT1-mediated cardioprotection by n-tyrosol against ischemic stress in rat in vivo model of myocardial infarction: switching gears toward survival and longevityView study →Reference 4Cañuelo A et al. · 2012Tyrosol, a main phenol present in extra virgin olive oil, increases lifespan and stress resistance in Caenorhabditis elegansView study →}.
• Delivered largely as metabolites. Most absorbed tyrosol circulates as glucuronide/sulfate conjugates; interpret in-vitro parent-compound concentrations with that in mind ^{6,10Reference 6Serreli G et al. · 2019Modulation of LPS-induced nitric oxide production in intestinal cells by hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol metabolites: insight into the mechanism of actionView study →Reference 10Miró-Casas E et al. · 2001Capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry quantitative determination of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol in human urine after olive oil intakeView study →}.

Pregnancy and lactation are per-herb / per-supplement decisions and are not adjudicated on this molecule page; dedicated human reproductive data for isolated tyrosol are limited, and no isolate-specific verdict is issued here.

Dosage

There is no established or recommended human dose for isolated tyrosol. The cited figures are preclinical research doses and are not convertible to human self-dosing:

Human exposure is dietary — olive oil, wine and beer ^{9,12,13Reference 9Miró-Casas E et al. · 2003Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol are absorbed from moderate and sustained doses of virgin olive oil in humansView study →Reference 12Bellumori M et al. · 2019The EFSA health claim on olive oil polyphenols: acid hydrolysis validation and total hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol determination in Italian virgin olive oilsView study →Reference 13Bordiga M et al. · 2016Factors influencing the formation of histaminol, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and tryptophol in wine: temperature, alcoholic degree, and amino acids concentrationView study →} — and indirect, via Rhodiola’s salidroside, which is deglycosylated to tyrosol in the body ^{8Reference 8Guo N et al. · 2014AnimalThe metabolism of salidroside to its aglycone p-tyrosol in rats following the administration of salidrosideView study →}. These are research figures and food-exposure levels, not a personal recommendation.

References

1. Di Benedetto R, et al. (2007). Tyrosol, the major extra virgin olive oil compound, restored intracellular antioxidant defences in spite of its weak antioxidative effectiveness. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16928436/
2. Samuel SM, et al. (2008). Akt/FOXO3a/SIRT1-mediated cardioprotection by n-tyrosol against ischemic stress in rat in vivo model of myocardial infarction: switching gears toward survival and longevity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18826227/
3. Monceaux K, et al. (2022). Ferulic acid, pterostilbene, and tyrosol protect the heart from ER-stress-induced injury by activating SIRT1-dependent deacetylation of eIF2α. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35743074/
4. Cañuelo A, et al. (2012). Tyrosol, a main phenol present in extra virgin olive oil, increases lifespan and stress resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22824366/
5. Kim YY, Lee S, Kim MJ, et al. (2017). Tyrosol attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting the inflammatory response and maintaining the alveolar capillary barrier. Food and Chemical Toxicology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28974441/
6. Serreli G, et al. (2019). Modulation of LPS-induced nitric oxide production in intestinal cells by hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol metabolites: insight into the mechanism of action. Food and Chemical Toxicology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30735752/
7. Lee SY, et al. (2013). Rhodiola crenulata and its bioactive components, salidroside and tyrosol, reverse the hypoxia-induced reduction of plasma-membrane-associated Na,K-ATPase expression via inhibition of the ROS-AMPK-PKCξ pathway. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23840253/
8. Guo N, et al. (2014). The metabolism of salidroside to its aglycone p-tyrosol in rats following the administration of salidroside. PLoS One. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25101641/
9. Miró-Casas E, et al. (2003). Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol are absorbed from moderate and sustained doses of virgin olive oil in humans. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12548315/
10. Miró-Casas E, et al. (2001). Capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry quantitative determination of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol in human urine after olive oil intake. Analytical Biochemistry. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11412007/
11. Torrens-Spence MP, et al. (2018). Complete pathway elucidation and heterologous reconstitution of Rhodiola salidroside biosynthesis. Molecular Plant. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29277428/
12. Bellumori M, et al. (2019). The EFSA health claim on olive oil polyphenols: acid hydrolysis validation and total hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol determination in Italian virgin olive oils. Molecules. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31185655/
13. Bordiga M, et al. (2016). Factors influencing the formation of histaminol, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and tryptophol in wine: temperature, alcoholic degree, and amino acids concentration. Food Chemistry. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26675839/

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