Nerolidol

Nerolidol at a Glance

Nerolidol is a naturally occurring acyclic sesquiterpene alcohol (3,7,11-trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatrien-3-ol, also called peruviol) responsible for a soft floral, woody, apple-like note. It occurs as two geometric isomers, cis- and trans-nerolidol, and is one of the most widespread sesquiterpenes in essential oils — prominent in neroli (bitter-orange blossom), ginger, jasmine and tea-tree oils among hundreds of others ^{1Reference 1Chan WK et al. · 2016Nerolidol: a sesquiterpene alcohol with multi-faceted pharmacological and biological activitiesView study →}. The U.S. FDA permits it as a food-flavouring agent, and it is a long-established fragrance ingredient in cosmetics and cleaning products ^{1Reference 1Chan WK et al. · 2016Nerolidol: a sesquiterpene alcohol with multi-faceted pharmacological and biological activitiesView study →}.

Its most distinctive documented role is not therapeutic at all: nerolidol is a potent skin-penetration enhancer, used experimentally to push other drugs across the stratum corneum ^{1,2Reference 1Chan WK et al. · 2016Nerolidol: a sesquiterpene alcohol with multi-faceted pharmacological and biological activitiesView study →Reference 2Cornwell PA · 1994Sesquiterpene components of volatile oils as skin penetration enhancers for the hydrophilic permeant 5-fluorouracilView study →}. Its therapeutic literature — antimalarial and antileishmanial activity through the isoprenoid (mevalonate) pathway, antibacterial/antibiofilm effects, and rodent anxiolytic/anti-inflammatory signals — is genuine but almost entirely in-vitro or rodent work on the isolated molecule, with no controlled human efficacy trials ^{3,4,5,8,9Reference 3Lopes NP et al. · 1999Antimalarial use of volatile oil from leaves of Virola surinamensis (Rol.) Warb. by Waiãpi Amazon IndiansView study →Reference 4Goulart HR et al. · 2004Terpenes arrest parasite development and inhibit biosynthesis of isoprenoids in Plasmodium falciparumView study →Reference 5Arruda DC et al. · 2005Antileishmanial activity of the terpene nerolidolView study →Reference 8Fonsêca DV et al. · 2016Nerolidol exhibits antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity: involvement of the GABAergic system and proinflammatory cytokinesView study →Reference 9Goel RK et al. · 2016AnimalAssessment of anxiolytic effect of nerolidol in miceView study →}.

The parent molecule has low acute toxicity and is supported as a fragrance ingredient by formal safety review; the practical cautions are those of a lipophilic terpene alcohol (contact sensitisation, and the fact that a penetration enhancer by design increases skin uptake of whatever it is applied with) ^{1,12Reference 1Chan WK et al. · 2016Nerolidol: a sesquiterpene alcohol with multi-faceted pharmacological and biological activitiesView study →Reference 12Api AM et al. · 2024RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, nerolidol (isomer unspecified), CAS Registry Number 7212-44-4View study →}.

Nerolidol as a Skin-Penetration Enhancer

The single most distinctive, best-characterised property of nerolidol is not a therapeutic effect but a delivery one: it is one of the most effective natural skin-penetration enhancers known, and this is where the strongest human-tissue evidence lies.

In the classic ex-vivo study on human skin, pretreatment with nerolidol increased the pseudo-steady-state flux of the hydrophilic drug 5-fluorouracil by over 20-fold — the largest effect of the sesquiterpenes tested ^{2Reference 2Cornwell PA · 1994Sesquiterpene components of volatile oils as skin penetration enhancers for the hydrophilic permeant 5-fluorouracilView study →}. Reviews consistently rank it at or near the top of terpene enhancers, often above geraniol, limonene and linalool ^{1Reference 1Chan WK et al. · 2016Nerolidol: a sesquiterpene alcohol with multi-faceted pharmacological and biological activitiesView study →}.

The mechanism is physicochemical. Nerolidol is highly lipophilic (calculated log P ≈ 5.7) with a long isoprenoid tail and a single polar hydroxyl head, a shape that lets it insert into and disrupt the ordered intercellular lipid lamellae of the stratum corneum and extract some of those lipids, loosening the skin’s main permeability barrier ^{1,2Reference 1Chan WK et al. · 2016Nerolidol: a sesquiterpene alcohol with multi-faceted pharmacological and biological activitiesView study →Reference 2Cornwell PA · 1994Sesquiterpene components of volatile oils as skin penetration enhancers for the hydrophilic permeant 5-fluorouracilView study →}. A practical corollary — and a safety-relevant one — is that this action is long-lasting and poorly reversible: sesquiterpene enhancers do not wash out easily, and the enhanced-permeability state persisted for several days after a single pretreatment ^{2Reference 2Cornwell PA · 1994Sesquiterpene components of volatile oils as skin penetration enhancers for the hydrophilic permeant 5-fluorouracilView study →}. Because of this, nerolidol appears widely in modern transdermal research — in invasomes, nanoemulsions and other carriers designed to improve drug penetration ^{1Reference 1Chan WK et al. · 2016Nerolidol: a sesquiterpene alcohol with multi-faceted pharmacological and biological activitiesView study →}.

This is the honest headline of the molecule: its most robust human-tissue data make it a formulation tool, not a therapy.

Antiparasitic & Antimicrobial Research

Nerolidol’s most-studied biological activity is antiparasitic, and it rests on a coherent, molecule-specific mechanism: inhibition of the isoprenoid (mevalonate) biosynthetic pathway that parasites depend on.

Antimalarial. Nerolidol was identified as an active constituent of the Virola surinamensis (epena) leaf oil used traditionally against malaria by Waiãpi Amazonians, giving 100% inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum schizont development in vitro ^{3Reference 3Lopes NP et al. · 1999Antimalarial use of volatile oil from leaves of Virola surinamensis (Rol.) Warb. by Waiãpi Amazon IndiansView study →}. Mechanistic follow-up showed nerolidol arrests intra-erythrocytic parasite development with an IC₅₀ of ~760 nM, suppressing synthesis of dolichol and the isoprenyl side chain of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) — plausibly because it resembles the farnesyl-pyrophosphate substrate of those pathways ^{4Reference 4Goulart HR et al. · 2004Terpenes arrest parasite development and inhibit biosynthesis of isoprenoids in Plasmodium falciparumView study →}.

Antileishmanial. The isolated terpene inhibited Leishmania amazonensis, L. braziliensis and L. chagasi promastigotes and L. amazonensis amastigotes (IC₅₀ ≈ 67–85 µM), and reduced infection of macrophages by ~95% at 100 µM. Again the mechanism was blockade of an early step of the mevalonate pathway, cutting incorporation of precursors into dolichol, ergosterol and ubiquinone ^{5Reference 5Arruda DC et al. · 2005Antileishmanial activity of the terpene nerolidolView study →}. In a susceptible mouse model, topical or intraperitoneal nerolidol reduced lesions but did not clear infection ^{5Reference 5Arruda DC et al. · 2005Antileishmanial activity of the terpene nerolidolView study →}.

Antibacterial / antibiofilm. As a lipophilic terpene alcohol, nerolidol permeabilises microbial membranes. It inhibited Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA), Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro (MICs ~0.5–4 mg/mL) and suppressed biofilm formation by 51–98% at sub-inhibitory concentrations ^{6Reference 6de Moura DF et al. · 2021Evaluation of the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antibiofilm activity of the sesquiterpene nerolidolView study →}. Separately, low concentrations of nerolidol sensitised S. aureus and E. coli to conventional antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, vancomycin, polymyxin B and others), acting as a membrane-permeabilising adjuvant rather than a stand-alone antibiotic ^{7Reference 7Brehm-Stecher BF · 2003Sensitization of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to antibiotics by the sesquiterpenoids nerolidol, farnesol, bisabolol, and apritoneView study →}.

The unifying caveat: this is in-vitro and animal isolate work. The antimalarial and antileishmanial effects are mechanistically real but unproven in humans, and the antibacterial concentrations are topical/preservative-relevant, not systemic-antibiotic doses.

What It's Used For

Beyond delivery and antiparasitic mechanism, nerolidol’s pharmacology is a spread of preclinical signals. The load-bearing discipline of the compound page applies throughout: nearly all of it is in-vitro or rodent work on the isolate, and there are no controlled human efficacy trials ^{1,8,9Reference 1Chan WK et al. · 2016Nerolidol: a sesquiterpene alcohol with multi-faceted pharmacological and biological activitiesView study →Reference 8Fonsêca DV et al. · 2016Nerolidol exhibits antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity: involvement of the GABAergic system and proinflammatory cytokinesView study →Reference 9Goel RK et al. · 2016AnimalAssessment of anxiolytic effect of nerolidol in miceView study →}.

Evidence by IndicationStrength of support · Beta

Support is an experimental score — weighted by study type (human > animal > in vitro) and volume. A beta, not a validated metric. The top row is a delivery property with human-skin data; the rest are isolate therapeutic signals, so read the per-row basis.

01Skin-penetration enhancerPromising54%Ex-vivo human skin: >20-fold 5-FU flux; ranked top of terpene enhancers ^{1,2Reference 1Chan WK et al. · 2016Nerolidol: a sesquiterpene alcohol with multi-faceted pharmacological and biological activitiesView study →Reference 2Cornwell PA · 1994Sesquiterpene components of volatile oils as skin penetration enhancers for the hydrophilic permeant 5-fluorouracilView study →}

02Antiparasitic (antimalarial / antileishmanial)Shaky44%In-vitro + animal isolate; isoprenoid-pathway mechanism ^{3,4,5Reference 3Lopes NP et al. · 1999Antimalarial use of volatile oil from leaves of Virola surinamensis (Rol.) Warb. by Waiãpi Amazon IndiansView study →Reference 4Goulart HR et al. · 2004Terpenes arrest parasite development and inhibit biosynthesis of isoprenoids in Plasmodium falciparumView study →Reference 5Arruda DC et al. · 2005Antileishmanial activity of the terpene nerolidolView study →}

03Anti-inflammatory / antinociceptiveShaky34%Rodent isolate; GABAergic; ↓TNF-α/IL-1β ^{8Reference 8Fonsêca DV et al. · 2016Nerolidol exhibits antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity: involvement of the GABAergic system and proinflammatory cytokinesView study →}

04Antimicrobial / antibiofilmShaky32%In-vitro MIC/biofilm + antibiotic sensitisation ^{6,7Reference 6de Moura DF et al. · 2021Evaluation of the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antibiofilm activity of the sesquiterpene nerolidolView study →Reference 7Brehm-Stecher BF · 2003Sensitization of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to antibiotics by the sesquiterpenoids nerolidol, farnesol, bisabolol, and apritoneView study →}

05Anxiolytic / sedativeShaky28%Rodent isolate; elevated-plus-maze ^{1,9Reference 1Chan WK et al. · 2016Nerolidol: a sesquiterpene alcohol with multi-faceted pharmacological and biological activitiesView study →Reference 9Goel RK et al. · 2016AnimalAssessment of anxiolytic effect of nerolidol in miceView study →}

Mechanisms

The load-bearing points are two molecule-specific mechanisms: the physicochemical lipid-lamellae disruption behind its penetration-enhancer role, and the isoprenoid-pathway blockade behind its antiparasitic activity. The CNS and antimicrobial effects are more generic terpene-alcohol behaviours.

Pharmacokinetics

Nerolidol is a lipophilic, oily, poorly water-soluble liquid (calculated log P ≈ 5.68) ^{1Reference 1Chan WK et al. · 2016Nerolidol: a sesquiterpene alcohol with multi-faceted pharmacological and biological activitiesView study →}. It is dermally absorbed and retained within the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue — the same property that underlies both its penetration-enhancer role and its slow, poorly-reversible action on skin ^{2,12Reference 2Cornwell PA · 1994Sesquiterpene components of volatile oils as skin penetration enhancers for the hydrophilic permeant 5-fluorouracilView study →Reference 12Api AM et al. · 2024RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, nerolidol (isomer unspecified), CAS Registry Number 7212-44-4View study →}. Systemically it is metabolised by hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes, with CYP2C19 and CYP1A2 shown to extensively oxidise it in a hepatocellular-carcinoma model ^{10Reference 10Biazi BI et al. · 2017Cis-nerolidol induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through extensive CYP2C19 and CYP1A2 oxidationView study →}. Its poor aqueous solubility is why much of the research uses solubilising vehicles (cyclodextrin, nanoliposome, nanoemulsion) ^{1Reference 1Chan WK et al. · 2016Nerolidol: a sesquiterpene alcohol with multi-faceted pharmacological and biological activitiesView study →}. Robust human ADME — Cmax, half-life, oral bioavailability of the isolate — is not established; the available PK is predicted or animal-derived, and analytical methods (LC-MS, LOQ ~10 ng/mL) have been proposed for future in-vivo work rather than delivering settled human parameters ^{1Reference 1Chan WK et al. · 2016Nerolidol: a sesquiterpene alcohol with multi-faceted pharmacological and biological activitiesView study →}.

Clinical Trials

There are no controlled human efficacy trials of isolated nerolidol. Human exposure is dietary (a GRAS flavour volatile), via fragrance/essential oils, and — distinctively — as a pharmaceutical penetration enhancer in transdermal formulation research ^{1,2Reference 1Chan WK et al. · 2016Nerolidol: a sesquiterpene alcohol with multi-faceted pharmacological and biological activitiesView study →Reference 2Cornwell PA · 1994Sesquiterpene components of volatile oils as skin penetration enhancers for the hydrophilic permeant 5-fluorouracilView study →}.

Last checked: July 2026.

Isolate vs. Plant Studies

Nerolidol’s evidence base is overwhelmingly the isolated molecule. The penetration-enhancer studies use purified nerolidol on excised human skin ^{2Reference 2Cornwell PA · 1994Sesquiterpene components of volatile oils as skin penetration enhancers for the hydrophilic permeant 5-fluorouracilView study →}; the antimalarial, antileishmanial, antibacterial, anxiolytic and anti-inflammatory work all test the isolate in vitro or in rodents ^{3,4,5,6,8,9Reference 3Lopes NP et al. · 1999Antimalarial use of volatile oil from leaves of Virola surinamensis (Rol.) Warb. by Waiãpi Amazon IndiansView study →Reference 4Goulart HR et al. · 2004Terpenes arrest parasite development and inhibit biosynthesis of isoprenoids in Plasmodium falciparumView study →Reference 5Arruda DC et al. · 2005Antileishmanial activity of the terpene nerolidolView study →Reference 6de Moura DF et al. · 2021Evaluation of the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antibiofilm activity of the sesquiterpene nerolidolView study →Reference 8Fonsêca DV et al. · 2016Nerolidol exhibits antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity: involvement of the GABAergic system and proinflammatory cytokinesView study →Reference 9Goel RK et al. · 2016AnimalAssessment of anxiolytic effect of nerolidol in miceView study →}. The main whole-plant thread is ethnobotanical: nerolidol was pinpointed as an active antimalarial constituent of the traditional Virola surinamensis (epena) leaf oil ^{3Reference 3Lopes NP et al. · 1999Antimalarial use of volatile oil from leaves of Virola surinamensis (Rol.) Warb. by Waiãpi Amazon IndiansView study →}, and it is a discrete isolated constituent of devil’s club root bark ^{13Reference 13Sun S et al. · 2010Hydrophobic constituents and their potential anticancer activities from Devil’s Club (Oplopanax horridus Miq.)View study →} and a major flower-oil component of wood betony ^{11Reference 11Giuliani C et al. · 2017Secretory structures and essential oil composition in Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevisan subsp. officinalis (Lamiaceae) from ItalyView study →} — but in each case the plant’s traditional use cannot be reduced to this one molecule. The correct framing: good isolate mechanism, essentially no human evidence of either the isolate or a nerolidol-standardised plant product.

Its Role in Plants

Nerolidol is a sesquiterpene volatile built from the C₁₅ precursor farnesyl pyrophosphate by nerolidol synthases. In the plant it functions mainly as a floral-scent and defence volatile — part of the aroma bouquet that attracts pollinators and part of the induced-volatile response that deters herbivores and signals to neighbouring tissue ^{1Reference 1Chan WK et al. · 2016Nerolidol: a sesquiterpene alcohol with multi-faceted pharmacological and biological activitiesView study →}. It is also a biosynthetic precursor to other volatiles (for example, it can be converted toward the homoterpene DMNT, a common herbivore-induced signal). These are plant-ecology functions and do not predict what the molecule does as a medicine.

Prevalence in Nature

Nerolidol is one of the most widespread sesquiterpene alcohols in the plant kingdom, reported across many families and prominent in a long list of essential oils: neroli (bitter-orange blossom, the source of its name), ginger, jasmine, tea tree, lemongrass, lavender, cannabis, and many Lamiaceae and Myristicaceae species ^{1Reference 1Chan WK et al. · 2016Nerolidol: a sesquiterpene alcohol with multi-faceted pharmacological and biological activitiesView study →}. It occurs as both cis- and trans- isomers, often together, with the trans (E) form usually predominant.

Quantified figures are scattered and method-dependent. A well-documented example is wood betony (Stachys officinalis), where (E)-nerolidol makes up ~15% of the flower essential oil (alongside caryophyllene oxide and humulene epoxide) ^{11Reference 11Giuliani C et al. · 2017Secretory structures and essential oil composition in Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevisan subsp. officinalis (Lamiaceae) from ItalyView study →}. It is an active constituent of Virola surinamensis leaf oil ^{3Reference 3Lopes NP et al. · 1999Antimalarial use of volatile oil from leaves of Virola surinamensis (Rol.) Warb. by Waiãpi Amazon IndiansView study →} and a discrete isolate from Oplopanax horridus (devil’s club) root bark ^{13Reference 13Sun S et al. · 2010Hydrophobic constituents and their potential anticancer activities from Devil’s Club (Oplopanax horridus Miq.)View study →}. For most headline sources (neroli, ginger, jasmine, tea tree) a precise, well-cited percentage is not yet compiled here — those holes are tracked in the compound’s gaps file.

Discovery & Synthesis

Nerolidol takes its name from neroli oil (the essential oil of bitter-orange blossom, Citrus aurantium), one of its early recognised sources; it is also called peruviol ^{1Reference 1Chan WK et al. · 2016Nerolidol: a sesquiterpene alcohol with multi-faceted pharmacological and biological activitiesView study →}. Its first isolation and first total synthesis are not crisply documented in the accessible secondary literature — it entered use as a fragrance and flavour sesquiterpene rather than through a landmark synthesis. Today it is available both by isolation/fractionation from essential oils and by manufacture as a bulk aroma chemical; the U.S. FDA permits its use as a food-flavouring agent, and it is a common ingredient in perfumes, shampoos, detergents and cleansers ^{1Reference 1Chan WK et al. · 2016Nerolidol: a sesquiterpene alcohol with multi-faceted pharmacological and biological activitiesView study →}.

Patents: not yet researched.

Toxicity & Safety

Nerolidol carries a low flag. It is a GRAS food-flavouring agent and a long-used fragrance ingredient with low acute toxicity, and its formal fragrance-industry safety review supports its use at current exposure levels, with read-across to the closely related terpene alcohol linalool indicating it is not expected to be genotoxic and giving a margin of exposure >100 for systemic endpoints ^{1,12Reference 1Chan WK et al. · 2016Nerolidol: a sesquiterpene alcohol with multi-faceted pharmacological and biological activitiesView study →Reference 12Api AM et al. · 2024RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, nerolidol (isomer unspecified), CAS Registry Number 7212-44-4View study →}. The realistic cautions are those of a lipophilic terpene alcohol, not of a toxic compound.

Safety at a Glance

✅ Low / no toxicityAllergy risk

• Low-toxicity GRAS flavour/fragrance sesquiterpene. Permitted as a food flavouring, supported by formal fragrance safety review, read-across non-genotoxic ^{1,12Reference 1Chan WK et al. · 2016Nerolidol: a sesquiterpene alcohol with multi-faceted pharmacological and biological activitiesView study →Reference 12Api AM et al. · 2024RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, nerolidol (isomer unspecified), CAS Registry Number 7212-44-4View study →}.
• It is a penetration enhancer — by design. Nerolidol markedly and durably increases skin absorption, so it can raise the uptake of co-applied drugs, actives or irritants; this is the flip side of its usefulness ^{1,2Reference 1Chan WK et al. · 2016Nerolidol: a sesquiterpene alcohol with multi-faceted pharmacological and biological activitiesView study →Reference 2Cornwell PA · 1994Sesquiterpene components of volatile oils as skin penetration enhancers for the hydrophilic permeant 5-fluorouracilView study →}.
• Terpene-alcohol contact sensitisation. As with related fragrance terpene alcohols, skin sensitisation is possible, and oxidised/old essential oils are a higher-risk exposure than fresh material.
• Essential oils and concentrates ≫ whole herbs for meaningful exposure; human data are dietary and fragrance, not therapeutic.

Reproductive note (prose only). No dedicated reproductive-toxicity dataset exists for isolated nerolidol; the fragrance-industry assessment relied on read-across (to linalool) and found no developmental/reproductive concern at fragrance-level exposure, with MOE >100 ^{12Reference 12Api AM et al. · 2024RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, nerolidol (isomer unspecified), CAS Registry Number 7212-44-4View study →}. Pregnancy and lactation decisions belong to the herb or product page where intake is decided, not to this molecule page. Note also that the cis-isomer showed cytochrome-P450-driven (CYP2C19/CYP1A2) ER-stress cytotoxicity in a hepatoma cell line at high micromolar concentrations — a mechanistic in-vitro finding at doses far above dietary/fragrance exposure, not a demonstrated human hepatotoxicity ^{10Reference 10Biazi BI et al. · 2017Cis-nerolidol induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through extensive CYP2C19 and CYP1A2 oxidationView study →}.

Dosage

There is no established or recommended human dose for isolated nerolidol. Human exposure comes as a GRAS food-flavour volatile, through fragrance and essential oils, and — distinctively — as a pharmaceutical penetration enhancer included in transdermal formulations to improve the delivery of other drugs ^{1,2Reference 1Chan WK et al. · 2016Nerolidol: a sesquiterpene alcohol with multi-faceted pharmacological and biological activitiesView study →Reference 2Cornwell PA · 1994Sesquiterpene components of volatile oils as skin penetration enhancers for the hydrophilic permeant 5-fluorouracilView study →}.

Cited research figures are not convertible to human self-dosing: the antiparasitic effects are in-vitro concentrations (IC₅₀ ~760 nM against P. falciparum; ~67–85 µM against Leishmania) ^{4,5Reference 4Goulart HR et al. · 2004Terpenes arrest parasite development and inhibit biosynthesis of isoprenoids in Plasmodium falciparumView study →Reference 5Arruda DC et al. · 2005Antileishmanial activity of the terpene nerolidolView study →}, the antibacterial effects are in-vitro MICs (~0.5–4 mg/mL) ^{6Reference 6de Moura DF et al. · 2021Evaluation of the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antibiofilm activity of the sesquiterpene nerolidolView study →}, and the rodent anxiolytic/analgesic effects used high oral doses (tens to hundreds of mg/kg) ^{8,9Reference 8Fonsêca DV et al. · 2016Nerolidol exhibits antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity: involvement of the GABAergic system and proinflammatory cytokinesView study →Reference 9Goel RK et al. · 2016AnimalAssessment of anxiolytic effect of nerolidol in miceView study →}. These are doses and concentrations studied in research and are not a personal recommendation.

References

1. Chan WK, Tan LT, Chan KG, Lee LH, Goh BH (2016). Nerolidol: a sesquiterpene alcohol with multi-faceted pharmacological and biological activities. Molecules. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27136520/
2. Cornwell PA, Barry BW (1994). Sesquiterpene components of volatile oils as skin penetration enhancers for the hydrophilic permeant 5-fluorouracil. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8051608/
3. Lopes NP, Kato MJ, Andrade EH, Maia JG, Yoshida M, Planchart AR, Katzin AM (1999). Antimalarial use of volatile oil from leaves of Virola surinamensis (Rol.) Warb. by Waiãpi Amazon Indians. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10617066/
4. Goulart HR, Kimura EA, Peres VJ, Couto AS, Aquino Duarte FA, Katzin AM (2004). Terpenes arrest parasite development and inhibit biosynthesis of isoprenoids in Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15215101/
5. Arruda DC, D’Alexandri FL, Katzin AM, Uliana SRB (2005). Antileishmanial activity of the terpene nerolidol. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15855481/
6. de Moura DF, et al. (2021). Evaluation of the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antibiofilm activity of the sesquiterpene nerolidol. Archives of Microbiology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34110480/
7. Brehm-Stecher BF, Johnson EA (2003). Sensitization of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to antibiotics by the sesquiterpenoids nerolidol, farnesol, bisabolol, and apritone. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14506058/
8. Fonsêca DV, et al. (2016). Nerolidol exhibits antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity: involvement of the GABAergic system and proinflammatory cytokines. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26791997/
9. Goel RK, Kaur D, Pahwa P (2016). Assessment of anxiolytic effect of nerolidol in mice. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27756960/
10. Biazi BI, Zanetti TA, Baranoski A, Corveloni AC, Mantovani MS (2017). Cis-nerolidol induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through extensive CYP2C19 and CYP1A2 oxidation. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28256105/
11. Giuliani C, Pellegrino RM, Selvaggi R, Tani C, Tirillini B, Maleci Bini L (2017). Secretory structures and essential oil composition in Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevisan subsp. officinalis (Lamiaceae) from Italy. Natural Product Research. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27931115/
12. Api AM, et al. (2024). RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, nerolidol (isomer unspecified), CAS Registry Number 7212-44-4. Food and Chemical Toxicology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38052409/
13. Sun S, Du GJ, Qi LW, Williams S, Wang CZ, Yuan CS (2010). Hydrophobic constituents and their potential anticancer activities from Devil’s Club (Oplopanax horridus Miq.). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20723598/

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