Quercitrin

Quercitrin at a Glance

Quercitrin is quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside — the flavonol quercetin carrying a single rhamnose sugar at its 3-O position. It is a widespread plant antioxidant flavonoid and, historically, the yellow dye principle of quercitron oak bark. Across this database it turns up as a co-occurring flavonoid in goldenrod, bearberry leaf and houttuynia, usually as one member of a quercetin-glycoside set rather than a dominant constituent.

The single most important fact about this molecule is a bioavailability caveat. Quercitrin is poorly absorbed intact: the rhamnose cap resists the small-intestinal enzymes that cleave better-absorbed glucosides, so quercitrin has to travel to the colon, where bacterial α-rhamnosidase strips off the sugar and releases free quercetin, which is what actually enters the body ^{8Reference 8Jiang S et al. · 2014In vitroRapid screening and identification of metabolites of quercitrin produced by the human intestinal bacteria using ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry — in vitro microbial metabolismView study →}. As a result, much of quercitrin’s measured pharmacology — antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral — is really the downstream activity of quercetin, delivered in a slow-release, colon-targeted form ^{1,3Reference 1Comalada M et al. · 2005AnimalIn vivo quercitrin anti-inflammatory effect involves release of quercetin, which inhibits inflammation through down-regulation of the NF-kappaB pathway — rat DSS colitis in vivoView study →Reference 3Gálvez J et al. · 1993AnimalAntidiarrhoeic activity of quercitrin in mice and rats — animal in vivo modelView study →}.

Its clearest isolate signal is intestinal anti-inflammatory and antidiarrhoeal activity in rodent models, where the colonic release of quercetin lands the aglycone exactly where it is needed ^{1,2,3Reference 1Comalada M et al. · 2005AnimalIn vivo quercitrin anti-inflammatory effect involves release of quercetin, which inhibits inflammation through down-regulation of the NF-kappaB pathway — rat DSS colitis in vivoView study →Reference 2Camuesco D et al. · 2004AnimalThe intestinal anti-inflammatory effect of quercitrin is associated with an inhibition in iNOS expression — rat DSS colitis in vivoView study →Reference 3Gálvez J et al. · 1993AnimalAntidiarrhoeic activity of quercitrin in mice and rats — animal in vivo modelView study →}. There are no human trials of pure quercitrin, and its toxicity flag is low — it is a common dietary quercetin glycoside.

Quercitrin vs. Quercetin, Rutin & Isoquercitrin

Quercitrin is easily confused with its close relatives, and the differences are entirely about the sugar attached at the 3-position — which in turn governs where and how fast the molecule is cleaved and absorbed. All four release the same aglycone, quercetin; they differ in delivery, not in ultimate active species.

Molecule	3-O sugar	Note
Quercetin	none (aglycone)	The active species all the glycosides release; better absorbed as the free molecule in vitro, but paradoxically often less effective than its glycosides in vivo gut models 1Reference 1Comalada M et al. · 2005AnimalIn vivo quercitrin anti-inflammatory effect involves release of quercetin, which inhibits inflammation through down-regulation of the NF-kappaB pathway — rat DSS colitis in vivoView study →
Quercitrin	rhamnose	This molecule. Rhamnoside resists small-intestinal cleavage → colon-delivered, microbiota-dependent 8Reference 8Jiang S et al. · 2014In vitroRapid screening and identification of metabolites of quercitrin produced by the human intestinal bacteria using ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry — in vitro microbial metabolismView study →
Isoquercitrin	glucose	The best-absorbed glycoside — its glucose is cleaved early at the small-intestinal brush border by lactase-phlorizin hydrolase
Rutin	rutinose (rhamnose + glucose)	Like quercitrin, needs colonic bacteria; slow, distal absorption

The practical grouping: isoquercitrin (glucoside) is absorbed early and high in the small intestine, whereas quercitrin (rhamnoside) and rutin (rutinoside) are both colon-dependent and appear in blood later and lower. Naming these apart matters — “quercitrin” (rhamnoside) and “quercetin” (aglycone) are one letter apart in text but pharmacokinetically distinct.

Bioavailability & the Rhamnoside Problem

The rhamnose sugar is the whole story of this molecule’s pharmacokinetics, and it is worth separating from the general “glycosides are hydrolysed to quercetin” caveat that applies to all of them.

The small intestine cannot open a rhamnoside efficiently. The brush-border enzyme lactase-phlorizin hydrolase and cytosolic β-glucosidase readily cleave glucosides such as isoquercitrin, releasing quercetin high in the gut. They do not handle the α-rhamnoside bond in quercitrin well. So quercitrin is largely not absorbed intact and passes to the colon, where bacterial α-rhamnosidases remove the rhamnose and liberate quercetin for absorption and further microbial breakdown ^{8Reference 8Jiang S et al. · 2014In vitroRapid screening and identification of metabolites of quercitrin produced by the human intestinal bacteria using ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry — in vitro microbial metabolismView study →}. Human-gut-bacteria incubations confirm the route: quercitrin is deglycosylated to quercetin (and then to smaller phenolic-acid metabolites) ^{8Reference 8Jiang S et al. · 2014In vitroRapid screening and identification of metabolites of quercitrin produced by the human intestinal bacteria using ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry — in vitro microbial metabolismView study →}.

This has a specific, testable consequence — the isolate-vs-aglycone interpretive point that frames every effect here: quercitrin behaves as a slow-release, colon-targeted pro-drug of quercetin. In whole-organism gut models, that is an advantage: quercetin given as the free aglycone is absorbed in the upper gut and never reaches the inflamed colon, whereas quercitrin delivers it there — which is exactly why quercitrin, not quercetin, is the flavonoid that works in experimental colitis even though quercetin is the more potent molecule in a dish ^{1Reference 1Comalada M et al. · 2005AnimalIn vivo quercitrin anti-inflammatory effect involves release of quercetin, which inhibits inflammation through down-regulation of the NF-kappaB pathway — rat DSS colitis in vivoView study →}. But it also means quercitrin has no pharmacology of its own systemically: the circulating species is quercetin and its conjugates, so its systemic effects cannot be cleanly separated from quercetin’s ^{1,8Reference 1Comalada M et al. · 2005AnimalIn vivo quercitrin anti-inflammatory effect involves release of quercetin, which inhibits inflammation through down-regulation of the NF-kappaB pathway — rat DSS colitis in vivoView study →Reference 8Jiang S et al. · 2014In vitroRapid screening and identification of metabolites of quercitrin produced by the human intestinal bacteria using ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry — in vitro microbial metabolismView study →}.

What It's Used For

Almost all of quercitrin’s evidence is preclinical and on the isolated molecule, with the load-bearing caveat that the active species downstream is quercetin. The strongest and most coherent line is intestinal.

Evidence by IndicationStrength of support · Beta

Support is an experimental score — weighted by study type (human > animal > in vitro) and volume, tempered for the isolate-vs-aglycone caveat. A beta, not a validated metric. No row rests on human data for the isolate, so scores stay modest by design. Each application links to its write-up.

01Intestinal Anti-Inflammatory / ColitisPromising48%Multiple rat isolate colitis models (DSS, TNBS); NF-κB / iNOS; colon-delivered quercetin ^{1,2,9Reference 1Comalada M et al. · 2005AnimalIn vivo quercitrin anti-inflammatory effect involves release of quercetin, which inhibits inflammation through down-regulation of the NF-kappaB pathway — rat DSS colitis in vivoView study →Reference 2Camuesco D et al. · 2004AnimalThe intestinal anti-inflammatory effect of quercitrin is associated with an inhibition in iNOS expression — rat DSS colitis in vivoView study →Reference 9Romero M et al. · 2017AnimalProtective vascular effects of quercitrin in acute TNBS-colitis in rats: the role of nitric oxide — rat in vivo modelView study →}

02Antidiarrhoeal / GastroprotectiveShaky38%Mouse/rat isolate anti-diarrhoea models; effect via released quercetin ^{3Reference 3Gálvez J et al. · 1993AnimalAntidiarrhoeic activity of quercitrin in mice and rats — animal in vivo modelView study →}

03AntioxidantShaky34%Isolated quercitrin; C. elegans lifespan + STZ-diabetic-rat antioxidant status ^{6,7Reference 6Kim HJ et al. · 2026Antioxidant and anti-aging effects of quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside isolated from Houttuynia cordata Thunb extract on Caenorhabditis elegans — model-organism isolate studyView study →Reference 7Babujanarthanam R et al. · 2011AnimalQuercitrin, a bioflavonoid improves the antioxidant status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat tissues — rat in vivo modelView study →}

04AntiviralShaky26%Isolated quercitrin in vitro vs HSV-2 (NF-κB) and dengue ^{4,5Reference 4Chen X et al. · 2011In vitroHouttuynia cordata blocks HSV infection through inhibition of NF-κB activation — in vitro (quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin)View study →Reference 5Chiow KH et al. · 2016In vitroEvaluation of antiviral activities of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. extract, quercetin, quercetrin and cinanserin on murine coronavirus and dengue virus infection — in vitroView study →}

05Aquaretic / DiureticShaky18%Fraction-level only — quercitrin is part of goldenrod’s aquaretic flavonoid fraction, not isolated-tested ^{10Reference 10Chodera A et al. · 1991AnimalEffect of flavonoid fractions of Solidago virgaurea L. on diuresis and levels of electrolytes — rat in vivo animal modelView study →}

Mechanisms

The top row is load-bearing: because quercitrin must be deglycosylated to quercetin before it acts, every mechanism below it is effectively quercetin’s, delivered to the colon.

Pharmacokinetics

Quercitrin’s pharmacokinetics are dominated by its rhamnose sugar. Unlike glucosides such as isoquercitrin, the α-rhamnoside is not efficiently cleaved by the small-intestinal brush border, so quercitrin is poorly absorbed intact and reaches the colon largely unchanged. There, bacterial α-rhamnosidases remove the rhamnose to release quercetin, which is then absorbed and further metabolised to conjugates and ring-fission phenolic acids — a pathway confirmed in human-gut-bacteria incubations, which show quercitrin deglycosylated to quercetin and downstream metabolites ^{8Reference 8Jiang S et al. · 2014In vitroRapid screening and identification of metabolites of quercitrin produced by the human intestinal bacteria using ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry — in vitro microbial metabolismView study →}. The practical consequences: (1) systemic exposure after quercitrin is to quercetin and its metabolites, not the intact glycoside, so quercitrin has no independent systemic pharmacology ^{1,8Reference 1Comalada M et al. · 2005AnimalIn vivo quercitrin anti-inflammatory effect involves release of quercetin, which inhibits inflammation through down-regulation of the NF-kappaB pathway — rat DSS colitis in vivoView study →Reference 8Jiang S et al. · 2014In vitroRapid screening and identification of metabolites of quercitrin produced by the human intestinal bacteria using ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry — in vitro microbial metabolismView study →}; (2) absorption is delayed and colon-localised relative to glucosides (lower, later plasma quercetin than from isoquercitrin), which is a disadvantage for systemic delivery but an advantage for targeting the colon ^{1Reference 1Comalada M et al. · 2005AnimalIn vivo quercitrin anti-inflammatory effect involves release of quercetin, which inhibits inflammation through down-regulation of the NF-kappaB pathway — rat DSS colitis in vivoView study →}; and (3) the effect is microbiota-dependent, so it varies with an individual’s gut flora. Dedicated human ADME parameters (Cmax, half-life, absolute bioavailability) for isolated quercitrin are not established.

Clinical Trials

There are no human clinical trials of isolated quercitrin. The entire evidence base is preclinical — rat colitis and antidiarrhoeal models, a C. elegans longevity study, a diabetic-rat antioxidant study, and in-vitro antiviral assays. Human exposure is dietary and herbal, as one flavonoid within whole plants and extracts.

Last checked: July 2026.

Isolate vs. Plant Studies

Unusually for a plant flavonoid, quercitrin’s mechanistic work is mostly on the isolated molecule — the Gálvez/Comalada/Camuesco colitis and antidiarrhoeal series all dosed purified quercitrin ^{1,2,3,9Reference 1Comalada M et al. · 2005AnimalIn vivo quercitrin anti-inflammatory effect involves release of quercetin, which inhibits inflammation through down-regulation of the NF-kappaB pathway — rat DSS colitis in vivoView study →Reference 2Camuesco D et al. · 2004AnimalThe intestinal anti-inflammatory effect of quercitrin is associated with an inhibition in iNOS expression — rat DSS colitis in vivoView study →Reference 3Gálvez J et al. · 1993AnimalAntidiarrhoeic activity of quercitrin in mice and rats — animal in vivo modelView study →Reference 9Romero M et al. · 2017AnimalProtective vascular effects of quercitrin in acute TNBS-colitis in rats: the role of nitric oxide — rat in vivo modelView study →}, as did the C. elegans antioxidant study ^{6Reference 6Kim HJ et al. · 2026Antioxidant and anti-aging effects of quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside isolated from Houttuynia cordata Thunb extract on Caenorhabditis elegans — model-organism isolate studyView study →} and the diabetic-rat work ^{7Reference 7Babujanarthanam R et al. · 2011AnimalQuercitrin, a bioflavonoid improves the antioxidant status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat tissues — rat in vivo modelView study →}. That is a genuine strength for a compound page. But two caveats pull the other way. First, the isolate’s activity is repeatedly shown to be quercetin’s, released by gut bacteria — the studies themselves make this point ^{1,3,8Reference 1Comalada M et al. · 2005AnimalIn vivo quercitrin anti-inflammatory effect involves release of quercetin, which inhibits inflammation through down-regulation of the NF-kappaB pathway — rat DSS colitis in vivoView study →Reference 3Gálvez J et al. · 1993AnimalAntidiarrhoeic activity of quercitrin in mice and rats — animal in vivo modelView study →Reference 8Jiang S et al. · 2014In vitroRapid screening and identification of metabolites of quercitrin produced by the human intestinal bacteria using ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry — in vitro microbial metabolismView study →}. Second, the applications tied to specific herbs are not clean isolate data: the goldenrod diuretic effect is a flavonoid-fraction result ^{10Reference 10Chodera A et al. · 1991AnimalEffect of flavonoid fractions of Solidago virgaurea L. on diuresis and levels of electrolytes — rat in vivo animal modelView study →}, and the antiviral signal comes from houttuynia extracts in which quercitrin is one of several active flavonoids and the whole extract outperforms it ^{4,5Reference 4Chen X et al. · 2011In vitroHouttuynia cordata blocks HSV infection through inhibition of NF-κB activation — in vitro (quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin)View study →Reference 5Chiow KH et al. · 2016In vitroEvaluation of antiviral activities of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. extract, quercetin, quercetrin and cinanserin on murine coronavirus and dengue virus infection — in vitroView study →}. So the honest framing is: strong isolate mechanism, no human isolate data, and an active species (quercetin) that is not quercitrin itself.

Its Role in Plants

Quercitrin is biosynthesised from the flavonol quercetin by attaching a rhamnose sugar at the 3-hydroxyl position — a rhamnosylation carried out by a UDP-rhamnose : flavonol 3-O-rhamnosyltransferase, the final decorating step after quercetin is built on the general flavonoid pathway. Glycosylation is a routine plant strategy: capping a reactive flavonol with sugar makes it more water-soluble, more stable, and easier to store in the vacuole, and shifts where it accumulates.

Functionally, quercitrin contributes to the plant’s UV-screening and antioxidant defences and to pigmentation — its role as the yellow dye principle of oak bark is the same chromophore doing visible work. As a stored, sugar-capped flavonol it is part of the constitutive flavonoid pool many plants maintain against oxidative and light stress.

Prevalence in Nature

Quercitrin is a widespread quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside, reported across many plant families, though it is usually a minor-to-moderate fraction of a plant’s total flavonoids rather than a dominant one. Its historically most concentrated source is quercitron oak bark (Quercus velutina, the eastern black oak), where it is the principal colouring constituent — the basis of the quercitron/flavine natural dye [see Discovery]. Within this database it occurs as a co-occurring antioxidant flavonoid in goldenrod (part of the aquaretic flavonoid fraction) ^{10Reference 10Chodera A et al. · 1991AnimalEffect of flavonoid fractions of Solidago virgaurea L. on diuresis and levels of electrolytes — rat in vivo animal modelView study →}, bearberry leaf (among the quercetin/myricetin glycosides driving antioxidant capacity) ^{11Reference 11Song XC et al. · 2021Discovery and characterization of phenolic compounds in bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) leaves using liquid chromatography-ion mobility-high-resolution mass spectrometry — analyticalView study →}, and houttuynia, where it is one of the quantified major leaf flavonoids alongside hyperoside and rutin ^{12Reference 12Meng J et al. · 2009Simultaneous quantification of eight bioactive components of Houttuynia cordata and related Saururaceae medicinal plants by on-line HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS — analytical (flavonoid quantification)View study →}. It is also commonly reported from oak leaves, tartary buckwheat, St John’s wort and numerous other species. Its abundance varies with species, plant part, season and extraction, and it typically co-occurs with its glycoside siblings isoquercitrin (glucoside), hyperoside (galactoside) and rutin (rutinoside).

Discovery & Synthesis

Quercitrin’s history runs through the dye trade rather than the pharmacy. The bark of the North American eastern black oak (Quercus velutina) yields quercitron, a yellow dyestuff whose name — coined by Edward Bancroft in the late 18th century — contracts the Latin quercus (oak) with citron (lemon), for the colour; the concentrated “flavine” extract is largely quercitrin. The molecule was chemically characterised in the mid-19th century by the Austrian chemist Heinrich Hlasiwetz, whose work on quercitrin helped establish it as the rhamnoside of quercetin (the aglycone in turn named for Quercus). There is no significant commercial total synthesis: quercitrin is obtained by extraction from plant material (oak bark and other flavonol-rich botanicals), and where the sugar-free flavonol is wanted, quercitrin is simply hydrolysed to quercetin and rhamnose. It is available as a purified reference compound for research rather than manufactured at scale as a drug.

Patents: not yet researched.

Toxicity & Safety

Quercitrin carries a low toxicity flag. It is a common dietary quercetin glycoside with a long history of incidental human exposure through foods and herbs, and the isolate has been dosed in rodents (1–50 mg/kg orally) and model organisms without reported toxicity in the studies above ^{2,3,6,7Reference 2Camuesco D et al. · 2004AnimalThe intestinal anti-inflammatory effect of quercitrin is associated with an inhibition in iNOS expression — rat DSS colitis in vivoView study →Reference 3Gálvez J et al. · 1993AnimalAntidiarrhoeic activity of quercitrin in mice and rats — animal in vivo modelView study →Reference 6Kim HJ et al. · 2026Antioxidant and anti-aging effects of quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside isolated from Houttuynia cordata Thunb extract on Caenorhabditis elegans — model-organism isolate studyView study →Reference 7Babujanarthanam R et al. · 2011AnimalQuercitrin, a bioflavonoid improves the antioxidant status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat tissues — rat in vivo modelView study →}. Because it is deglycosylated to quercetin before it reaches the circulation, quercitrin’s relevant safety and interaction profile is largely inherited from quercetin: quercetin can inhibit CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein and, in high supplemental amounts, may affect narrow-therapeutic-index substrates — a mechanism-based caution that applies to the aglycone released from any quercetin glycoside rather than to quercitrin as an intact molecule. No dedicated human drug-interaction data exist for isolated quercitrin.

Safety at a Glance

✅ Low / no toxicity

• A low-toxicity dietary flavonoid. A widespread quercetin rhamnoside with long incidental dietary exposure; well tolerated at the doses studied in animals ^{2,3,6,7Reference 2Camuesco D et al. · 2004AnimalThe intestinal anti-inflammatory effect of quercitrin is associated with an inhibition in iNOS expression — rat DSS colitis in vivoView study →Reference 3Gálvez J et al. · 1993AnimalAntidiarrhoeic activity of quercitrin in mice and rats — animal in vivo modelView study →Reference 6Kim HJ et al. · 2026Antioxidant and anti-aging effects of quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside isolated from Houttuynia cordata Thunb extract on Caenorhabditis elegans — model-organism isolate studyView study →Reference 7Babujanarthanam R et al. · 2011AnimalQuercitrin, a bioflavonoid improves the antioxidant status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat tissues — rat in vivo modelView study →}.
• Its activity is really quercetin’s. Quercitrin is hydrolysed to quercetin by gut bacteria before absorption, so quercetin’s interaction profile (CYP3A4 / P-glycoprotein at high intakes) applies downstream ^{1,8Reference 1Comalada M et al. · 2005AnimalIn vivo quercitrin anti-inflammatory effect involves release of quercetin, which inhibits inflammation through down-regulation of the NF-kappaB pathway — rat DSS colitis in vivoView study →Reference 8Jiang S et al. · 2014In vitroRapid screening and identification of metabolites of quercitrin produced by the human intestinal bacteria using ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry — in vitro microbial metabolismView study →}.
• Human data are absent for the isolate. No clinical trials of pure quercitrin; efficacy and safety in people are inferred, not demonstrated.
• Effect depends on gut flora. Because a colonic α-rhamnosidase step is required, response may vary with an individual’s microbiota ^{8Reference 8Jiang S et al. · 2014In vitroRapid screening and identification of metabolites of quercitrin produced by the human intestinal bacteria using ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry — in vitro microbial metabolismView study →}.

Pregnancy and lactation are a per-herb / per-supplement decision and are not adjudicated on this molecule page; dedicated reproductive-toxicity data for isolated quercitrin are not established.

Dosage

There is no established or recommended human dose for isolated quercitrin. The figures in the literature are preclinical research doses and do not convert to human self-dosing:

Human exposure is dietary and herbal — quercitrin is consumed as one flavonoid among many in whole plants (goldenrod, bearberry, houttuynia and others), not as a standardised isolate. These are doses studied in research and are not a personal recommendation.

References

1. Comalada M, Camuesco D, Sierra S, Ballester I, Xaus J, Gálvez J, Zarzuelo A. (2005). In vivo quercitrin anti-inflammatory effect involves release of quercetin, which inhibits inflammation through down-regulation of the NF-kappaB pathway — rat DSS colitis in vivo. European Journal of Immunology, 35(2), 584–592. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15668926/
2. Camuesco D, Comalada M, Rodríguez-Cabezas ME, Nieto A, Lorente MD, Concha A, Zarzuelo A, Gálvez J. (2004). The intestinal anti-inflammatory effect of quercitrin is associated with an inhibition in iNOS expression — rat DSS colitis in vivo. British Journal of Pharmacology, 143(7), 908–918. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15533892/
3. Gálvez J, Crespo ME, Jiménez J, Suárez A, Zarzuelo A. (1993). Antidiarrhoeic activity of quercitrin in mice and rats — animal in vivo model. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 45(2), 157–159. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8095537/
4. Chen X, Wang Z, Yang Z, Wang J, Xu Y, Tan RX, Li E. (2011). Houttuynia cordata blocks HSV infection through inhibition of NF-κB activation — in vitro (quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin). Antiviral Research, 92(2), 341–345. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21951655/
5. Chiow KH, Phoon MC, Putti T, Tan BKH, Chow VT. (2016). Evaluation of antiviral activities of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. extract, quercetin, quercetrin and cinanserin on murine coronavirus and dengue virus infection — in vitro. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 9(1), 1–7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26851778/
6. Kim HJ, Oh SH, Kim JH. (2026). Antioxidant and anti-aging effects of quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside isolated from Houttuynia cordata Thunb extract on Caenorhabditis elegans — model-organism isolate study. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 227, 1–12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41242472/
7. Babujanarthanam R, Kavitha P, Mahadeva Rao US, Pandian MR. (2011). Quercitrin, a bioflavonoid improves the antioxidant status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat tissues — rat in vivo model. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 358(1–2), 121–129. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21713411/
8. Jiang S, Yang J, Qian D, Guo J, Shang EX, Duan JA, Xu J. (2014). Rapid screening and identification of metabolites of quercitrin produced by the human intestinal bacteria using ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry — in vitro microbial metabolism. Archives of Pharmaceutical Research, 37(2), 204–213. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23754166/
9. Romero M, Vera B, Galisteo M, Toral M, Gálvez J, Perez-Vizcaino F, Duarte J. (2017). Protective vascular effects of quercitrin in acute TNBS-colitis in rats: the role of nitric oxide — rat in vivo model. Food & Function, 8(8), 2702–2711. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28703832/
10. Chodera A, Dabrowska K, Sloderbach A, Skrzypczak L, Budzianowski J. (1991). Effect of flavonoid fractions of Solidago virgaurea L. on diuresis and levels of electrolytes — rat in vivo animal model. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica, 48(5–6), 35–37. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1669338/
11. Song XC, Canellas E, Dreolin N, Nerin C, Goshawk J. (2021). Discovery and characterization of phenolic compounds in bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) leaves using liquid chromatography-ion mobility-high-resolution mass spectrometry — analytical. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 69(37), 10856–10868. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34493038/
12. Meng J, Leung KS, Dong XP, Zhou YS, Jiang ZH, Zhao ZZ. (2009). Simultaneous quantification of eight bioactive components of Houttuynia cordata and related Saururaceae medicinal plants by on-line HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS — analytical (flavonoid quantification). Fitoterapia, 80(8), 468–474. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19559769/

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