Compound Monograph
4-Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol
4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (4-HBA, gastrodigenin) is the principal bioactive phenol of the Chinese medicinal orchid Gastrodia elata (tian ma) — and the aglycone that gastrodin is deglycosylated into in the body, so most 'gastrodin' pharmacology is really 4-HBA at work. A simple para-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and a close sibling of vanillyl alcohol and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, it shows real but entirely preclinical neuroprotective, anticonvulsant, sedative, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, and appears as a trace phenol of cured vanilla pods.
Sources · 2
Where Does It Come From?
4-Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol is a naturally occurring phenolic (para-hydroxybenzyl alcohol), found in Vanilla and 1 other source. It is well tolerated orally (low toxicity).
Concentration
Content by Source
Concentrations not reported. No percent-dry-weight or mg/g figures have been published for this compound in its source plants.
4-Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol at a Glance
4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol — 4-HBA, or p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol — is a simple phenolic alcohol: a single benzene ring carrying a phenolic –OH at the para position and a –CH₂OH group. It is the plainest member of the small “hydroxybenzyl” phenolic family, one methoxy group short of vanillyl alcohol and one oxidation step below its aldehyde sibling 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde.
Its single most important context is the Chinese medicinal orchid Gastrodia elata (tian ma, “heavenly hemp”) — a chlorophyll-free rhizome used for centuries for headache, dizziness, convulsions, and as a sedative and neuroprotectant. 4-HBA is that herb’s principal bioactive phenol, and it carries a second name that says so: gastrodigenin, literally “the aglycone of gastrodin.” Gastrodia stores most of this phenol as its glucoside gastrodin, and the body deglycosylates gastrodin back to 4-HBA — so a large share of the pharmacology attributed to “gastrodin” is really 4-HBA doing the work after the sugar is cleaved off. Reading the Gastrodia literature correctly means holding that prodrug relationship in mind throughout.
4-HBA is also a trace phenol of cured vanilla pods, which is why it earns a page here. In the vanilla story it appears as one of the small phenols that, alongside vanillin, prevent hippocampal CA1 neuron death after global ischemia 1Reference 1Vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzyl aldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol prevent hippocampal CA1 cell death following global ischemiaView study →. Its own pharmacology is real but entirely preclinical: neuroprotective (anti-ischemic and anti-apoptotic), anticonvulsant, sedative, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant signals from cell and rodent studies, with no controlled human trials of the isolate.
The Gastrodin Prodrug Relationship
The one thing to understand before reading any 4-HBA study is that 4-HBA and gastrodin are the same molecule at two stages:
- Gastrodin is 4-HBA’s β-D-glucoside — the phenol with a glucose sugar attached. It is the dominant stored form in Gastrodia elata and the compound most often dosed in research and supplements, because it is water-soluble and stable.
- 4-HBA (gastrodigenin) is the aglycone — gastrodin with the sugar removed. This is the smaller, more lipophilic, membrane-crossing form.
In the body the sugar is cleaved by gut and tissue glucosidases, converting gastrodin into 4-HBA, so gastrodin behaves in large part as a prodrug that delivers 4-HBA. This is why the two share so much of their reported pharmacology, and why a claim made for “gastrodin” often traces mechanistically to 4-HBA. It also cuts both ways: much of the cleaner mechanistic work (radical scavenging, GABA effects, anti-apoptosis) is done on the aglycone, while much of the in vivo dosing is done on the glucoside. throughout, results are attributed to whichever form was actually studied.
The 4-Hydroxybenzyl Family
4-HBA sits in a compact set of vanilla/Gastrodia phenols that differ only by an oxidation state or a methoxy group — the key to reading these pages together:
- 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (–CH₂OH, no methoxy) — this molecule; the reduced alcohol, plain para-hydroxy ring.
- 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (–CHO, no methoxy) — the aldehyde sibling; the other main Gastrodia phenol, and the one with the strongest GABA-transaminase and vasorelaxant data 4,
7Reference 4AnimalHa JH, Lee DU, Lee JT, Kim JS, Yong CS, Kim JA, Ha JS, Huh K (2000). 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde from Gastrodia elata B1. is active in the antioxidation and GABAergic neuromodulation of the rat brain. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11025174/View study →Reference 7AnimalThe predominance of endothelium-derived relaxing factors and beta-adrenergic receptor pathways in strong vasorelaxation induced by 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde in the rat aortaView study → . - Vanillyl alcohol (–CH₂OH, 3-methoxy) — 4-HBA plus a methoxy on the ring; vanilla’s reduced phenol.
- Vanillin (–CHO, 3-methoxy) — the aroma aldehyde; the methoxylated cousin of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde.
- Vanillic acid (–COOH, 3-methoxy) — the fully oxidised acid of the vanilla series.
The practical consequence: much of the neuro-pharmacology reported across this family is shared and additive rather than unique to one molecule. The global-ischemia study that anchors 4-HBA to the vanilla monograph tested vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-HBA side by side, and all three protected CA1 neurons 1Reference 1Vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzyl aldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol prevent hippocampal CA1 cell death following global ischemiaView study →. When reading a single-molecule result here, assume the neighbours often do something similar.
What It's Used For
4-HBA’s pharmacology is substantial for a simple phenol but entirely preclinical, and most of it is downstream of one theme — protecting the brain from oxidative and excitotoxic injury, the pharmacological core of its parent herb Gastrodia elata.
Support is an experimental score — weighted by study type (human > animal > in vitro) and volume. A beta, not a validated metric. Every row rests on preclinical cell/animal work with no human trials, so scores stay low by design; read the per-row basis, and note where the cited study used the aldehyde sibling or the glucoside gastrodin rather than 4-HBA itself.
The strongest and most consistent thread, and the one that ties 4-HBA to the vanilla monograph. In a transient global ischemia model in Mongolian gerbils, pre- and post-treatment with vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-HBA all significantly increased survival of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons — the neuron population most vulnerable to ischemic death — versus vehicle 1Reference 1Vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzyl aldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol prevent hippocampal CA1 cell death following global ischemiaView study →.
In a separate rat focal ischemia model (middle-cerebral-artery occlusion / reperfusion), 4-HBA at ~50 mg/kg reduced infarct volume and improved neurological deficit scores, and the protection was anti-apoptotic: increased Bcl-2, inhibited caspase-3 activation, and fewer TUNEL-positive dying cells 2Reference 2AnimalNeuroprotective effect of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol against transient focal cerebral ischemia via anti-apoptosis in ratsView study →.
This is the pharmacology Gastrodia elata is prized for, delivered by its principal phenol.
Gap: robust as animal proof-of-concept across two ischemia models, but still rodent-only, with no human stroke data and unresolved dosing/exposure translation 1,
The presumed engine behind the neuroprotection. In C6 astrocytes, 4-HBA dose-dependently suppressed H₂O₂-induced cell death (survival rising from ~54% to ~86% with 100 µM pre-incubation) and did so by inducing the master antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 and its downstream cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) — conferring protection on neighbouring cells in autocrine and paracrine fashion 3Reference 3Anti-oxidative effects of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol in astrocytes confer protective effects in autocrine and paracrine mannersView study →.
In whole-brain work on the family, the closely related 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde normalised elevated brain lipid peroxidation in a convulsant model 4Reference 4AnimalHa JH, Lee DU, Lee JT, Kim JS, Yong CS, Kim JA, Ha JS, Huh K (2000). 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde from Gastrodia elata B1. is active in the antioxidation and GABAergic neuromodulation of the rat brain. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11025174/View study →.
Simple phenolic –OH groups are efficient hydrogen-atom donors, so this radical-scavenging capacity is chemically expected and repeatedly invoked as 4-HBA’s core mechanism.
Gap: in-vitro and ex-vivo antioxidant chemistry; the Nrf2/HO-1 induction is the most mechanistically informative result, but no human antioxidant outcome rests on 4-HBA 3Reference 3Anti-oxidative effects of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol in astrocytes confer protective effects in autocrine and paracrine mannersView study →.
The activity behind Gastrodia elata’s classical use for convulsions, epilepsy and tetanus. The clearest mechanism is inhibition of GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) — the enzyme that degrades the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA — which raises brain GABA and damps neuronal excitability, the same target as the anticonvulsant drug valproate. This was shown most directly for the aldehyde sibling 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, whose GABA-T inhibition was reported greater than valproic acid’s, together with restoration of brain GABA levels and reversal of convulsant-induced lipid peroxidation 4Reference 4AnimalHa JH, Lee DU, Lee JT, Kim JS, Yong CS, Kim JA, Ha JS, Huh K (2000). 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde from Gastrodia elata B1. is active in the antioxidation and GABAergic neuromodulation of the rat brain. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11025174/View study →.
Because gastrodin/4-HBA and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde interconvert and co-occur in the herb, this GABAergic, antioxidant anticonvulsant mechanism is generally read as a family property of the Gastrodia phenols rather than the exclusive province of any one.
Gap: the cleanest GABA-T data are for the aldehyde, not 4-HBA specifically; 4-HBA’s own anticonvulsant contribution is inferred from the shared chemistry and the herb’s activity, not from an isolate seizure trial cited here 4Reference 4AnimalHa JH, Lee DU, Lee JT, Kim JS, Yong CS, Kim JA, Ha JS, Huh K (2000). 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde from Gastrodia elata B1. is active in the antioxidation and GABAergic neuromodulation of the rat brain. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11025174/View study →.
A single well-rounded report. 4-HBA showed anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced air-pouch model (rats) and the acetic-acid vascular-permeability model (mice), anti-nociceptive activity in the acetic-acid writhing test, and anti-angiogenic activity in the chick chorioallantoic-membrane (CAM) assay — with the mechanism traced to downregulation of nitric oxide (NO) production and iNOS expression in activated macrophages, plus reduced reactive-oxygen-species levels 5Reference 5Anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activity of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcoholView study →. The anti-angiogenic strand has been pursued separately as a possible anti-tumour angle.
Gap: one isolate study spanning several acute screening models; the NO/iNOS mechanism is plausible but no human anti-inflammatory data exist 5Reference 5Anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activity of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcoholView study →.
Consistent with Gastrodia’s use as a calming, anti-dizziness herb. Work on 4-HBA and its ester derivatives identified compounds with clear sedative-hypnotic activity — the strongest derivative prolonging sleep and reversing chemically-induced insomnia — with the effect attributed to the serotonergic and GABAergic systems 6Reference 6Zhu HY, Zhang D, Zhang Q, Zhao Y, He ZM, Gao YG, Zhang LX (2018). 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol derivatives and their sedative-hypnotic activities. RSC Advances. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35540981/View study →.
This dovetails with the GABAergic anticonvulsant mechanism above: raising or reinforcing inhibitory tone plausibly underlies both the anti-seizure and the sedative/anxiolytic reputation of the parent herb.
Gap: the headline potency belongs to synthetic derivatives engineered from 4-HBA, not the parent molecule, and the work is rodent behavioural pharmacology with no human data 6Reference 6Zhu HY, Zhang D, Zhang Q, Zhao Y, He ZM, Gao YG, Zhang LX (2018). 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol derivatives and their sedative-hypnotic activities. RSC Advances. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35540981/View study →.
A family effect for which 4-HBA is not the demonstrated actor. Strong, endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in rat aorta — via cGMP/nitric-oxide and β₂-adrenergic pathways, muscarinic (M3) PLC/IP₃ signalling and K⁺/Ca²⁺ channels — is documented for the aldehyde sibling 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, not for 4-HBA itself 7Reference 7AnimalThe predominance of endothelium-derived relaxing factors and beta-adrenergic receptor pathways in strong vasorelaxation induced by 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde in the rat aortaView study →.
It is listed here only to place 4-HBA in its family and to flag that the vasoactivity of the Gastrodia phenols is real but sits mainly on the aldehyde.
Gap: the cited vasorelaxation is for a different molecule in the family; no comparable isolated-vessel data for 4-HBA is cited here 7Reference 7AnimalThe predominance of endothelium-derived relaxing factors and beta-adrenergic receptor pathways in strong vasorelaxation induced by 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde in the rat aortaView study →.
Mechanisms
| Target / pathway | Effect | Relevant to |
|---|---|---|
| Radical scavenging / Nrf2-HO-1 induction | phenolic H-atom donation + upregulated antioxidant program | antioxidantneuroprotective |
| Bcl-2 / caspase-3 / apoptosis axis | ↑Bcl-2, ↓caspase-3, fewer dying (TUNEL⁺) cells | neuroprotective (anti-ischemic) |
| GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) | inhibition → ↑ brain GABA (family effect; clearest for the aldehyde) | anticonvulsantsedative |
| NO / iNOS in activated macrophages | downregulation → less inflammatory signalling | anti-inflammatoryanti-nociceptive |
| Serotonergic / GABAergic tone | reinforcement (4-HBA derivatives) | sedative / anxiolytic |
| Endothelial NO-cGMP / β₂ / K⁺-Ca²⁺ channels | vasorelaxation — shown for the aldehyde sibling | vasorelaxant |
The load-bearing thread is antioxidant + anti-apoptotic neuroprotection: the property measured most robustly (across two in-vivo ischemia models and an Nrf2/HO-1 astrocyte study) and the mechanism the rest of the profile leans on. The GABAergic anticonvulsant/sedative story is the herb’s classical use, best evidenced for the aldehyde sibling and read as a shared family mechanism.
Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics that matter for 4-HBA are inseparable from gastrodin. Because most Gastrodia phenol is stored and dosed as the glucoside, human and animal exposure to 4-HBA arises largely by in-vivo deglycosylation of gastrodin — gut and tissue β-glucosidases cleave the sugar, releasing the smaller, more lipophilic 4-HBA aglycone that crosses membranes, including (in animal work) the blood-brain barrier. As a small phenolic alcohol, 4-HBA is then expected to be conjugated (glucuronide/sulfate) and oxidised for excretion, and it can in principle be oxidised toward its aldehyde (4-hydroxybenzaldehyde). Human PK of the pure isolate — Cmax, half-life, oral bioavailability — is not established here, and the efficacy studies sidestep the question by using injection (e.g. the ~50 mg/kg focal-ischemia dose) or direct cell exposure 2,
Clinical Trials
There are no controlled human efficacy trials of isolated 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. The isolate evidence is in-vitro and rodent work; human clinical exposure is via the traditional herb Gastrodia elata (largely as gastrodin, converted to 4-HBA in vivo) and, at trace levels, via vanilla as a flavouring.
| Completed | Planned | Terminated | Preclinical |
|---|---|---|---|
| —(none of the isolate) | — | — | Neuroprotective/anti-ischemic, antioxidant, anticonvulsant/GABAergic, anti-inflammatory/anti-nociceptive, sedative |
Last checked: July 2026.
Isolate vs. Plant Studies
The split is unusually clean. The mechanistic evidence is the isolated molecule — 4-HBA protecting CA1 neurons after global ischemia 1Reference 1Vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzyl aldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol prevent hippocampal CA1 cell death following global ischemiaView study →, shrinking infarcts and blocking apoptosis after focal ischemia 2Reference 2AnimalNeuroprotective effect of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol against transient focal cerebral ischemia via anti-apoptosis in ratsView study →, rescuing astrocytes through Nrf2/HO-1 3Reference 3Anti-oxidative effects of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol in astrocytes confer protective effects in autocrine and paracrine mannersView study →, and quelling inflammation via NO/iNOS 5Reference 5Anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activity of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcoholView study → — while the GABAergic and vasorelaxant strands lean on its aldehyde sibling 4,
In its source plant, 4-HBA is never a lone actor. Gastrodia elata is a phenolic cocktail — gastrodin, 4-HBA, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillyl alcohol, parishins — that interconvert and act together, so the herb’s anticonvulsant and neuroprotective reputation cannot be assigned to 4-HBA alone, even though 4-HBA (as gastrodin’s aglycone) is its principal phenol. In vanilla it is only a trace curing-derived phenol, dwarfed by vanillin, and appears in that monograph chiefly as one of the small phenols that share vanillin’s post-ischemic neuroprotection 1Reference 1Vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzyl aldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol prevent hippocampal CA1 cell death following global ischemiaView study →. The correct framing: solid isolate mechanism + no human data + a shared, co-acting role in every plant it comes from.
Its Role in Plants
In Gastrodia elata — a chlorophyll-free orchid that lives parasitically on Armillaria fungi and stores no chlorophyll of its own — 4-HBA and its glucoside gastrodin are the rhizome’s characteristic phenolic reserve, part of a defence/antioxidant-type phenolic pool rather than a signalling hormone. The plant keeps most of the phenol in the water-soluble, storable glucoside form (gastrodin) and mobilises the aglycone as needed, a common plant strategy for handling reactive phenols safely.
In vanilla, 4-HBA is not a product of the living pod but of post-harvest curing: like vanilla’s other minor phenols it emerges when the killed pod’s enzymes and oxidative chemistry rework stored precursors within the phenylpropanoid / C6-C1 pool that yields vanillin. Both are plant-biochemistry roles and should not be read as human pharmacology.
Prevalence in Nature
4-HBA is narrowly distributed. Its defining occurrence is the rhizome of Gastrodia elata (tian ma), where it is the principal phenolic aglycone — present both free and, more abundantly, as the glucoside gastrodin. Beyond Gastrodia it turns up as a minor/trace phenol in cured vanilla pods and scattered other plants, generally well below the levels of the methoxylated vanilla phenols.
Major Natural Sources
| Source | Plant part | Reported 4-HBA content |
|---|---|---|
| Gastrodia elata (tian ma) | rhizome | principal phenolic aglycone; largely stored as gastrodin — not individually quantified here |
| Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) | cured pod | trace curing-derived phenol; not quantified here |
Quantitative levels are not tabulated in the sources reviewed here; the missing figures are tracked for a later pass. (Note that Gastrodia elata has no herb page here — it is discussed in prose only.)
Discovery & Synthesis
4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol is a simple, long-known phenolic building block — its pharmacological identity, rather than its chemistry, is what was “discovered.” That identity came with the study of Gastrodia elata’s active phenols: the isolation and characterisation of gastrodin and the recognition that its aglycone — named gastrodigenin — is 4-HBA, and that gastrodin acts largely by releasing this aglycone in the body.
Manufacture of the isolate is straightforward synthetic chemistry — 4-HBA is a cheap commodity phenol available in bulk (reduction of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde is one obvious route), and it serves as a chemical building block, including as the scaffold for the sedative-hypnotic ester derivatives noted above 6Reference 6Zhu HY, Zhang D, Zhang Q, Zhao Y, He ZM, Gao YG, Zhang LX (2018). 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol derivatives and their sedative-hypnotic activities. RSC Advances. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35540981/View study →. There is no meaningful plant-extraction industry for 4-HBA itself; where the phenol is used therapeutically it is generally delivered as gastrodin or as whole Gastrodia elata preparations.
Patents: not yet researched.
Toxicity & Safety
4-HBA carries a low flag. It is a simple phenolic alcohol with a long history of human exposure through the widely used medicinal herb Gastrodia elata (as gastrodin and its aglycone) and, at trace levels, through vanilla — and across the preclinical literature it appears consistently as a protective agent (neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory) rather than a toxicant 1,
The honest limits are the usual ones for a molecule with no dedicated human safety trials of the isolate: repeat-dose, genotoxicity and reproductive-toxicity packages for pure 4-HBA are not characterised here, and there are no human drug-interaction studies. Because the compound and its siblings act on GABAergic tone and vascular / sedative pathways 4,
- A simple phenol with a long herbal-exposure history. Delivered for centuries via Gastrodia elata (as gastrodin/4-HBA); a trace vanilla phenol, expected to metabolise like other small phenolics.
- Preclinical studies use it as a protectant. Neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects — not toxicity — in the cell and rodent literature.
- Safety rests on preclinical and traditional-use data. No human safety trials and no characterised genotoxicity/reproductive package for the pure isolate.
- Interactions untested. Theoretical additive effects with sedatives, anticonvulsants or antihypertensives at medicinal quantities given its GABAergic and vascular-active family; not a concern at food levels.
Dosage
There is no established or recommended human dose for isolated 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. The efficacy figures are preclinical research doses, not convertible to human self-dosing, and human therapeutic use of this chemistry is generally as gastrodin or whole Gastrodia elata, not the pure aglycone:
| Application | Form / route (research) | Dose studied |
|---|---|---|
| Neuroprotective (focal ischemia) | 4-HBA, rat (injected) | ~50 mg/kg 2Reference 2AnimalNeuroprotective effect of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol against transient focal cerebral ischemia via anti-apoptosis in ratsView study → |
| Neuroprotective (global ischemia) | 4-HBA, gerbil (injected) | pre-/post-ischemia dosing 1Reference 1Vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzyl aldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol prevent hippocampal CA1 cell death following global ischemiaView study → |
| Antioxidant | 4-HBA, astrocyte cells | ~100 µM in vitro 3Reference 3Anti-oxidative effects of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol in astrocytes confer protective effects in autocrine and paracrine mannersView study → |
Where the studied route was injection or direct cell exposure, no oral equivalent is meaningful. Human exposure to this molecule is via the traditional herb (largely as gastrodin, which the body converts to 4-HBA) and, at trace levels, via vanilla as a flavouring. These are doses studied in research and are not a personal recommendation.
References
- Kim HJ, Hwang IK, Won MH (2007). Vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzyl aldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol prevent hippocampal CA1 cell death following global ischemia. Brain Research. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17945203/
- Yu SS, Zhao J, Zheng WP, Zhao Y (2010). Neuroprotective effect of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol against transient focal cerebral ischemia via anti-apoptosis in rats. Brain Research. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19857470/
- Luo L, Kim SW, Lee HK, Kim ID, Lee H, Lee JK (2017). Anti-oxidative effects of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol in astrocytes confer protective effects in autocrine and paracrine manners. PLoS One. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28489907/
- Ha JH, Lee DU, Lee JT, Kim JS, Yong CS, Kim JA, Ha JS, Huh K (2000). 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde from Gastrodia elata B1. is active in the antioxidation and GABAergic neuromodulation of the rat brain. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11025174/
- Lim EJ, Kang HJ, Jung HJ, Park EH (2007). Anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activity of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17883894/
- Zhu HY, Zhang D, Zhang Q, Zhao Y, He ZM, Gao YG, Zhang LX (2018). 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol derivatives and their sedative-hypnotic activities. RSC Advances. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35540981/
- Loh YC, Oo CW, Tew WY, Wen X, Wei X, Yam MF (2022). The predominance of endothelium-derived relaxing factors and beta-adrenergic receptor pathways in strong vasorelaxation induced by 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde in the rat aorta. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35421787/
