Agrimoniin

Agrimoniin at a Glance

Agrimoniin is a dimeric ellagitannin of 1,871 Da (C₈₂H₅₄O₅₂) and the compound that makes strawberries an ellagitannin food. It is also the type constituent of the Agrimonia herbs, from whose root it was first pulled in 1982 and after which it is named ^{1,2,9Reference 1Okuda T et al. · 1982Agrimoniin and potentillin, an ellagitannin dimer and monomer having an α-glucose coreView study →Reference 2Okuda T et al. · 1984Tannins of rosaceous medicinal plantsView study →Reference 9Grochowski DM et al. · 2017ReviewA comprehensive review of agrimoniinView study →}.

Two facts shape everything here.

The first is structural, and it is the reason it needs stating. Agrimoniin is an exact isomer of sanguiin H-6 — identical molecular formula, identical mass, and built from the same kind of parts. What differs is the bridge joining the two halves. For most of the HPLC era the two co-eluted and were reported interchangeably, so a body of berry literature attributed strawberry’s main ellagitannin to sanguiin H-6. A dedicated 2012 structural study exists specifically to correct that: the main ellagitannin of both Fragaria vesca and F. × ananassa is agrimoniin, with sanguiin H-6 present “at a much lower concentration” ^{3Reference 3Vrhovsek U et al. · 2012Clarifying the identity of the main ellagitannin in the fruit of the strawberry, Fragaria vesca and Fragaria ananassa DuchView study →}.

The second is pharmacokinetic, and it is the class ceiling. Agrimoniin is not absorbed intact. What reaches human tissue after a strawberry or a cup of agrimony tea is ellagic acid released by hydrolysis, and then the gut-bacterial metabolites of that — urolithin A, urolithin B and nasutin — produced in quantities that vary enormously between people ^{4,5,6Reference 4Piwowarski JP et al. · 2014Role of human gut microbiota metabolism in the anti-inflammatory effect of traditionally used ellagitannin-rich plant materials — ex vivoView study →Reference 5Kosmala M et al. · 2015AnimalChemical composition of defatted strawberry and raspberry seeds and the effect of these dietary ingredients on polyphenol metabolites, intestinal function and selected serum parameters — rat studyView study →Reference 6Milala J et al. · 2017AnimalEllagitannins from strawberries with different degrees of polymerization showed different metabolism through the gastrointestinal tract of ratsView study →}.

Within those constraints agrimoniin has an unusually substantial pharmacology for a tannin. It is a low-micromolar inhibitor of neutrophil elastase, hyaluronidase, aldose reductase and α-glucosidase; the 1980s Japanese tannin literature established it as a genuine host-mediated antitumour agent acting through interleukin-1 and NK-cell induction rather than direct cytotoxicity; and a fresh wave of Chinese in-vivo work has taken it into pancreatic-cancer, colorectal-cancer, liver-graft and hepatopulmonary-syndrome models. None of it has been tested in a human being as the isolated molecule.

Agrimoniin & Sanguiin H-6 — The Confusion Is the Story

These two molecules have the same molecular formula (C₈₂H₅₄O₅₂), the same nominal mass (1,870 Da), and the same fragmentation pattern in the low-resolution mass range ^{3,8Reference 3Vrhovsek U et al. · 2012Clarifying the identity of the main ellagitannin in the fruit of the strawberry, Fragaria vesca and Fragaria ananassa DuchView study →Reference 8Davik J et al. · 2020Major-effect candidate genes identified in cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) for ellagic acid deoxyhexoside and pelargonidin-3-O-malonylglucoside biosynthesisView study →}. They are isomers, not relatives, and telling them apart is genuinely hard. The distinction matters because they mark different plants: agrimoniin is the Fragaria and Agrimonia/Potentilla molecule, sanguiin H-6 the Rubus one.

	Agrimoniin	Sanguiin H-6
Formula / mass	C₈₂H₅₄O₅₂, 1,871 Da	C₈₂H₅₄O₅₂, 1,871 Da
Monomer unit	potentillin — the α-anomer of 1-O-galloyl-2,3;4,6-bis-HHDP-glucose	casuarictin — the β-anomer of the same monomer
Glucose core	α-D-glucopyranose (both cores)	β-D-glucopyranose
Linking group	dehydrodigalloyl (DHDG) — a biaryl-ether coupling of two galloyl rings	sanguisorboyl — a galloyl-O-galloyl (depside) ester link
Diagnostic hydrolysis product	dehydrodigallic acid, 338 Da	(not produced)
Signature plants	strawberry, agrimony, tormentil, cinquefoils	raspberry, blackberry, cloudberry, great burnet

Okuda’s 1982 title states the key point directly — agrimoniin and potentillin are “an ellagitannin dimer and monomer having an α-glucose core” ^{1Reference 1Okuda T et al. · 1982Agrimoniin and potentillin, an ellagitannin dimer and monomer having an α-glucose coreView study →}. Full NMR of isolated agrimoniin confirms the assembly: four HHDP groups, one dehydrodigalloyl coupler and two α-D-glucopyranose cores, in an asymmetric molecule ^{7,2Reference 7Fecka I et al. · 2022Fragaria × ananassa cvView study →Reference 2Okuda T et al. · 1984Tannins of rosaceous medicinal plantsView study →}.

Three ways the literature now separates them, all of them real and worth knowing:

• Acid hydrolysis. Under strong acid, agrimoniin yields dehydrodigallic acid (338 Da) as a characteristic product; sanguiin H-6 and lambertianin C do not, because they carry no dehydrodigalloyl group ^{8Reference 8Davik J et al. · 2020Major-effect candidate genes identified in cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) for ellagic acid deoxyhexoside and pelargonidin-3-O-malonylglucoside biosynthesisView study →}.
• Chromatography. The 2012 study that resolved the identity question also published an HPLC protocol whose stated purpose is “to avoid confusion with sanguiin H-6” ^{3Reference 3Vrhovsek U et al. · 2012Clarifying the identity of the main ellagitannin in the fruit of the strawberry, Fragaria vesca and Fragaria ananassa DuchView study →}, and gave the first full NMR assignments for agrimoniin as a reference point for the whole structural family.
• Provenance. If the plant is a Rubus, the 1,870 Da peak is almost certainly sanguiin H-6; if it is a Fragaria, Agrimonia or Potentilla, it is almost certainly agrimoniin. Both occur in both genera as minor components, so provenance is a prior, not a proof.

Practical consequence: treat pre-2012 attributions of a 1,870 Da ellagitannin in strawberry with caution. They may well be agrimoniin misreported. The reverse error — agrimoniin credited in a Rubus material — appears too, and analytical papers still write the pair as “sanguiin H-6 or agrimoniin” when they cannot resolve them ^{30Reference 30Karlińska E et al. · 2019Structural elucidation of the ellagitannin with a molecular weight of 2038 isolated from strawberry fruit (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) and named fragariin AView study →}.

What It's Used For

The isolate literature is real and broader than most ellagitannins can claim: purified agrimoniin has been tested in enzyme assays, in mast cells, in mitochondria, in cancer cell lines, and in at least six separate rodent models. There is still no human trial of the isolated compound, and the one human in-vivo result belongs to an agrimoniin-enriched fraction, not the molecule.

Evidence by IndicationStrength of support · Beta

Support is an experimental score — weighted by study type (human > animal > in vitro) and volume. A beta, not a validated metric. Scores are capped: there are no human trials of the isolated molecule, and the bioavailability ceiling applies to every row. Each application links to its write-up.

01Anti-inflammatoryPromising48%Isolate in vitro (elastase 0.9 µM, hyaluronidase 2.65 µM, mast-cell histamine 0.68 µM) plus a placebo-controlled human UV-erythema study of an agrimoniin-enriched fraction ^{16,17,19,23Reference 16Hrenn A et al. · 2006In vitroPlant phenolics inhibit neutrophil elastase — in vitroView study →Reference 17Hoffmann J et al. · 2016In vitroAnti-inflammatory effects of agrimoniin-enriched fractions of Potentilla erecta — in vitro and human UV-erythema studyView study →Reference 19Bazylko A et al. · 2013In vitroIn vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of extracts from Potentilla recta and its main ellagitannin, agrimoniinView study →Reference 23Kanoh R et al. · 2000In vitroEffects of tannins and related polyphenols on superoxide-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells — in vitroView study →}

02Antidiabetic and enzyme inhibitionShaky42%Purified isolate: α-glucosidase IC₅₀ 21.8 µg/mL, aldose reductase IC₅₀ 1.6 µM, plus oral 100 mg/kg in STZ diabetic rats ^{21,22,32Reference 21Kashchenko NI et al. · 2017AnimalAgrimoniin, an active ellagitannin from Comarum palustre herb with anti-α-glucosidase and antidiabetic potential in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ratsView study →Reference 22Kim SB et al. · 2017In vitroPhytochemical analysis of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb, its antioxidant activity and aldose reductase inhibitory potential — in vitro and ex vivoView study →Reference 32Malheiros J et al. · 2022Agrimonia eupatoria L. — an integrative perspective on ethnomedicinal use, phenolic composition and pharmacological activityView study →}

03Immunostimulant and antitumourShaky40%Three rodent tumour models with the purified isolate, IL-1β and NK induction — but by injection, and unreplicated since 1999 ^{24,25,26,33Reference 24Miyamoto K et al. · 1987AnimalAntitumor effect of agrimoniin, a tannin of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb., on transplantable rodent tumors — mouse studyView study →Reference 25Miyamoto K et al. · 1988AnimalInduction of cytotoxicity of peritoneal exudate cells by agrimoniin, a novel immunomodulatory tannin of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. — mouse studyView study →Reference 26Murayama T et al. · 1992In vitroAgrimoniin, an antitumor tannin of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb., induces interleukin-1 — in vitro and mouse studyView study →Reference 33Miyamoto K et al. · 1999ReviewHost-mediated anticancer activities of tannins — reviewView study →}

04Anticancer and organ protection (modern)Shaky38%Four recent in-vivo rodent studies (pancreatic xenograft, AOM/DSS colon, liver graft, hepatopulmonary syndrome) with contradictory Nrf2 accounts ^{27,28,29,31,34Reference 27Wang L et al. · 2024AnimalThe anti-colorectal cancer effect and metabolites of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. — AOM/DSS mouse modelView study →Reference 28Chang E et al. · 2026AnimalAgrimoniin alleviates ferroptosis in cold-stored DCD liver grafts through activation of the Nrf-2 pathway — rat and human cell studyView study →Reference 29Zeng Z et al. · 2026AnimalAgrimoniin ameliorates intrapulmonary angiogenesis and improves hypoxemia in hepatopulmonary syndrome via PGC-1α activation — rat studyView study →Reference 31Zhang X et al. · 2023In vitroAgrimoniin is a dual inhibitor of AKT and ERK pathways that inhibit pancreatic cancer cell proliferation — in vitro and in vivoView study →Reference 34Zhu X et al. · 2022In vitroAgrimoniin sensitizes pancreatic cancer to apoptosis through ROS-mediated energy metabolism dysfunction — in vitro and nude mouse studyView study →}

05Gastroprotection and H. pyloriShaky34%Purified agrimoniin vs. gastric epithelial IL-8/IL-6 and H. pylori growth, at nutritionally relevant concentrations — cell culture only ^{18,20Reference 18Fumagalli M et al. · 2016In vitroStrawberry tannins inhibit IL-8 secretion in a cell model of gastric inflammation — in vitroView study →Reference 20Martinelli G et al. · 2025In vitroInvestigating ellagitannins from strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) as a new strategy to counteract H. pylori infection and inflammation — in vitroView study →}

06AntimicrobialShaky30%A specific, mechanistically resolved iron-homeostasis result against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter, in vitro ^{35Reference 35Gadar K et al. · 2026In vitroBogland plant tormentil inhibits multidrug-resistant pathogen growth and potentiates antibiotics by disrupting iron homeostasis — in vitroView study →}

07AntioxidantShaky28%Cell-free scavenging and iron chelation; the strongest single correlate of strawberry by-product antioxidant capacity ^{19,34,36Reference 19Bazylko A et al. · 2013In vitroIn vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of extracts from Potentilla recta and its main ellagitannin, agrimoniinView study →Reference 34Zhu X et al. · 2022In vitroAgrimoniin sensitizes pancreatic cancer to apoptosis through ROS-mediated energy metabolism dysfunction — in vitro and nude mouse studyView study →Reference 36Fedotcheva TA et al. · 2021In vitroNew properties and mitochondrial targets of polyphenol agrimoniin as a natural anticancer and preventive agent — in vitroView study →}

Mechanisms

The last two rows govern the rest. A molecule whose cytotoxicity is 96% quenched by serum, and which never reaches serum anyway, is not doing its cell-culture pharmacology inside a person.

Pharmacokinetics

There is no human pharmacokinetic study of agrimoniin — no plasma concentration, no half-life, no bioavailability figure. What exists is animal and ex-vivo, and it is consistent.

It is converted, not absorbed. Human faecal microbiota cultures were used to compare fifteen monomeric and dimeric ellagitannins including agrimoniin; every ellagitannin carrying HHDP groups was metabolised to urolithins, and the amounts differed enough that the authors concluded individual microbiota composition and the type of ellagitannin ingested together determine the rate of urolithin production ^{45Reference 45Piwowarski JP et al. · 2016Differences in metabolism of ellagitannins by human gut microbiota ex vivo culturesView study →}. Aqueous extracts of agrimoniin-rich pharmacopoeial materials — Potentilla erecta rhizome, Potentilla anserina herb, meadowsweet, avens, oak bark — all yielded urolithins A, B and C on incubation with human faecal samples, and it was the urolithins, not the parent tannins, that carried the anti-inflammatory activity in macrophages ^{4Reference 4Piwowarski JP et al. · 2014Role of human gut microbiota metabolism in the anti-inflammatory effect of traditionally used ellagitannin-rich plant materials — ex vivoView study →}.

Size and degree of polymerisation change the destination. In rats fed matched polyphenol diets, ellagic acid gave urolithin A as the predominant metabolite; low-DP ellagitannins gave nasutin followed by urolithin A; and higher-DP ellagitannins — the dimeric agrimoniin fraction — gave nasutin only ^{6Reference 6Milala J et al. · 2017AnimalEllagitannins from strawberries with different degrees of polymerization showed different metabolism through the gastrointestinal tract of ratsView study →}. A companion study found that rats fed strawberry seeds (monomers plus agrimoniin) reached higher caecal urolithin A and nasutin than rats fed raspberry seeds (sanguiin H-6 plus lambertianin C), despite the raspberry seeds carrying more polyphenol ^{5Reference 5Kosmala M et al. · 2015AnimalChemical composition of defatted strawberry and raspberry seeds and the effect of these dietary ingredients on polyphenol metabolites, intestinal function and selected serum parameters — rat studyView study →}. Agrimoniin sits in the middle of that gradient: less polymerised than the Rubus trimer, more than a monomer.

What survives digestion. In-vitro digestion of a strawberry by-product returned a bioaccessibility of 36.5% for total phenolics with agrimoniin the predominant compound ^{46Reference 46Villamil-Galindo E et al. · 2023In vitroKinetic ultrasound-assisted extraction as a sustainable approach for the recovery of phenolics accumulated through UVA treatment in strawberry by-products — in vitroView study →} — a measure of release from the food matrix, not of absorption across the gut wall. Simulated gastric digestion barely altered strawberry tannins chemically or biologically ^{18Reference 18Fumagalli M et al. · 2016In vitroStrawberry tannins inhibit IL-8 secretion in a cell model of gastric inflammation — in vitroView study →}, which is why the gastric applications are the plausible ones.

Practically: agrimoniin’s distribution volume is the gut lumen. Its pharmacologically relevant descendants are ellagic acid locally and urolithins systemically, and whether you make urolithins at all depends on your gut microbiota — humans sort into urolithin metabotypes A, B and 0 — metabotype A producing urolithin A only, metabotype B also producing urolithin B and isourolithin A, and metabotype 0 producing essentially neither — which is why the same dose of the same berry is not the same exposure in two people ^{47Reference 47Tomás-Barberán FA et al. · 2014Ellagic acid metabolism by human gut microbiota — consistent observation of three urolithin phenotypes in intervention trials, independent of food source, age and health statusView study →}.

Clinical Trials

None. Agrimoniin has never been administered to human beings as a purified compound in any registered or published trial. The human data adjacent to it are: a placebo-controlled UV-erythema study of an agrimoniin-enriched Potentilla erecta fraction applied topically, which is fraction-level and dermal ^{17Reference 17Hoffmann J et al. · 2016In vitroAnti-inflammatory effects of agrimoniin-enriched fractions of Potentilla erecta — in vitro and human UV-erythema studyView study →}; two clinical studies of Agrimonia eupatoria infusion reporting hepatoprotective and cardiometabolic effects, which are whole-herb ^{32Reference 32Malheiros J et al. · 2022Agrimonia eupatoria L. — an integrative perspective on ethnomedicinal use, phenolic composition and pharmacological activityView study →}; and a pilot serum-antioxidant-capacity experiment after eating Fragaria viridis fruit ^{15Reference 15Olennikov DN et al. · 2020Fragaria viridis fruit metabolites — variation of LC-MS profile and antioxidant potential during ripening and storageView study →}.

Last checked: August 2026.

Isolate vs. Plant Studies

Agrimoniin does better on this axis than most ellagitannins, because it is commercially isolable at reasonable purity from cheap material and has been used as a reference standard for decades.

Genuinely isolate work: the elastase, hyaluronidase and histamine-release assays ^{16,19,23Reference 16Hrenn A et al. · 2006In vitroPlant phenolics inhibit neutrophil elastase — in vitroView study →Reference 19Bazylko A et al. · 2013In vitroIn vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of extracts from Potentilla recta and its main ellagitannin, agrimoniinView study →Reference 23Kanoh R et al. · 2000In vitroEffects of tannins and related polyphenols on superoxide-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells — in vitroView study →}; the aldose-reductase and α-glucosidase inhibition ^{21,22Reference 21Kashchenko NI et al. · 2017AnimalAgrimoniin, an active ellagitannin from Comarum palustre herb with anti-α-glucosidase and antidiabetic potential in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ratsView study →Reference 22Kim SB et al. · 2017In vitroPhytochemical analysis of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb, its antioxidant activity and aldose reductase inhibitory potential — in vitro and ex vivoView study →}; the mitochondrial and iron-chelation experiments ^{36Reference 36Fedotcheva TA et al. · 2021In vitroNew properties and mitochondrial targets of polyphenol agrimoniin as a natural anticancer and preventive agent — in vitroView study →}; the pancreatic-cancer studies ^{31,34Reference 31Zhang X et al. · 2023In vitroAgrimoniin is a dual inhibitor of AKT and ERK pathways that inhibit pancreatic cancer cell proliferation — in vitro and in vivoView study →Reference 34Zhu X et al. · 2022In vitroAgrimoniin sensitizes pancreatic cancer to apoptosis through ROS-mediated energy metabolism dysfunction — in vitro and nude mouse studyView study →}; the CYP inhibition panel ^{48Reference 48Zhou Y et al. · 2021In vitroAgrimoniin inhibits the activity of CYP1A2, 2D6 and 3A4 in human liver microsomes — in vitroView study →}; the ex-vivo microbiota metabolism ^{45Reference 45Piwowarski JP et al. · 2016Differences in metabolism of ellagitannins by human gut microbiota ex vivo culturesView study →}; and the 1980s antitumour programme, which used tannin purified by the Okuda group itself ^{24,25,26Reference 24Miyamoto K et al. · 1987AnimalAntitumor effect of agrimoniin, a tannin of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb., on transplantable rodent tumors — mouse studyView study →Reference 25Miyamoto K et al. · 1988AnimalInduction of cytotoxicity of peritoneal exudate cells by agrimoniin, a novel immunomodulatory tannin of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. — mouse studyView study →Reference 26Murayama T et al. · 1992In vitroAgrimoniin, an antitumor tannin of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb., induces interleukin-1 — in vitro and mouse studyView study →}. That is an unusually long list.

Where mixtures did the work: the human UV-erythema result used a fraction ^{17Reference 17Hoffmann J et al. · 2016In vitroAnti-inflammatory effects of agrimoniin-enriched fractions of Potentilla erecta — in vitro and human UV-erythema studyView study →}; the gastroprotection studies used tannin-enriched strawberry extracts with the pure compounds tested alongside ^{18,20Reference 18Fumagalli M et al. · 2016In vitroStrawberry tannins inhibit IL-8 secretion in a cell model of gastric inflammation — in vitroView study →Reference 20Martinelli G et al. · 2025In vitroInvestigating ellagitannins from strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) as a new strategy to counteract H. pylori infection and inflammation — in vitroView study →}; the colorectal-cancer in-vivo model dosed A. pilosa root extract, with agrimoniin identified as one of two most active constituents rather than tested alone ^{27Reference 27Wang L et al. · 2024AnimalThe anti-colorectal cancer effect and metabolites of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. — AOM/DSS mouse modelView study →}; the antimicrobial and biofilm work used tormentil extract ^{35,41Reference 35Gadar K et al. · 2026In vitroBogland plant tormentil inhibits multidrug-resistant pathogen growth and potentiates antibiotics by disrupting iron homeostasis — in vitroView study →Reference 41Michał T et al. · 2017In vitroHydrogel containing an extract of Tormentillae rhizoma for the treatment of biofilm-related oral diseases — in vitroView study →}; and the Potentilla selectivity data are extract-level ^{39,40Reference 39Augustynowicz D et al. · 2023In vitroPhytochemical profiling of extracts from rare Potentilla species and evaluation of their anticancer potential — in vitroView study →Reference 40Augustynowicz D et al. · 2022In vitroAnticancer potential of acetone extracts from selected Potentilla species against human colorectal cancer cells — in vitroView study →}.

Two structural cautions travel with this molecule specifically. First, purity claims vary — one influential mitochondrial study used material that was 80% agrimoniin by NMR ^{36Reference 36Fedotcheva TA et al. · 2021In vitroNew properties and mitochondrial targets of polyphenol agrimoniin as a natural anticancer and preventive agent — in vitroView study →}, while the analytical literature works with ≥95-97% standards ^{7Reference 7Fecka I et al. · 2022Fragaria × ananassa cvView study →}. Second, and more consequential, the serum-quenching result ^{24Reference 24Miyamoto K et al. · 1987AnimalAntitumor effect of agrimoniin, a tannin of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb., on transplantable rodent tumors — mouse studyView study →} means an in-vitro concentration is not interchangeable with an in-vivo one even at the same molarity: the assay medium determines how much free agrimoniin there is.

Its Role in Plants

Agrimoniin belongs to the oxidative branch of the hydrolysable-tannin pathway. Gallic acid esterified onto glucose gives β-pentagalloyl-D-glucose; oxidative C-C coupling of adjacent galloyl groups produces the hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP) units that define an ellagitannin, giving the bis-HHDP-α-glucose monomer potentillin; and a further oxidative C-O coupling of the two monomers’ remaining galloyl groups produces the dehydrodigalloyl bridge and the dimer ^{1,2Reference 1Okuda T et al. · 1982Agrimoniin and potentillin, an ellagitannin dimer and monomer having an α-glucose coreView study →Reference 2Okuda T et al. · 1984Tannins of rosaceous medicinal plantsView study →}. That last step has been reproduced synthetically: oxidation of galloyl monoethers to orthoquinones, followed by Lewis-acid-mediated dimerisation, gives the dehydrodigalloyl diaryl-ether unit “characteristic of several ellagitannin natural products”, with the authors noting the implications for ellagitannin biosynthesis ^{49Reference 49Feldman KS et al. · 1996Galloyl-derived orthoquinones as reactive partners in nucleophilic additions and Diels-Alder dimerizations — a novel route to the dehydrodigalloyl linker unit of agrimoniin-type ellagitanninsView study →}.

Functionally this is a defence polyphenol, and the distribution matches. Agrimoniin concentrates overwhelmingly in vegetative and reproductive tissue rather than in flesh: in fragrant agrimony it is 94% of the total polyphenols of the stem and over 90% of the seed, against about 30% of the hypanthium ^{10Reference 10Karlińska E et al. · 2021The aerial parts of Agrimonia procera Wallr. and Agrimonia eupatoria L. as a source of polyphenols, and especially agrimoniin and flavonoidsView study →}; in strawberry it is the single most abundant compound in the leaf at 3-8% of dry matter, roughly a thousand times its concentration in the fruit ^{7Reference 7Fecka I et al. · 2022Fragaria × ananassa cvView study →}. Mass-spectrometry imaging of ripe strawberry shows the fruit’s ellagitannins clustered in and around the achene seed coats and the lower receptacle rather than through the flesh ^{50Reference 50Enomoto H · 2021Unique distribution of ellagitannins in ripe strawberry fruit revealed by mass spectrometry imagingView study →} — the seed being what the plant is actually protecting.

Levels also respond to stress and to development. Benzothiadiazole treatment of strawberry raised leaf ellagitannins 2- to 6-fold within four days and improved powdery-mildew resistance, with the increase persisting only in inoculated plants ^{51Reference 51Hukkanen AT et al. · 2007Benzothiadiazole induces the accumulation of phenolics and improves resistance to powdery mildew in strawberriesView study →}; in Alchemilla the ellagitannins accumulate markedly between May and August ^{52Reference 52Duckstein SM et al. · 2013Phenolic constituents from Alchemilla vulgaris L. and Alchemilla mollis (Buser) Rothm. at different dates of harvestView study →}; and ellagitannins fall significantly as strawberry fruit ripens, with genotype the dominant factor in both amount and pattern ^{53Reference 53Gasperotti M et al. · 2013Evolution of ellagitannin content and profile during fruit ripening in Fragaria sppView study →}.

Prevalence in Nature

Agrimoniin is a Rosaceae molecule, and within Rosaceae a Fragaria / Agrimonia / Potentilla one. Its PubMed footprint is modest — 58 records for the compound name, of which 17 pair it with Agrimonia and 14 with Fragaria.

In Fragaria — the dietary source. It is the main ellagitannin of both wild and garden strawberry fruit ^{3Reference 3Vrhovsek U et al. · 2012Clarifying the identity of the main ellagitannin in the fruit of the strawberry, Fragaria vesca and Fragaria ananassa DuchView study →}, and the ellagitannin fraction is what drives strawberry’s measured antioxidant capacity ^{43,44Reference 43Villamil-Galindo E et al. · 2021Strawberry agro-industrial by-products as a source of bioactive compounds — effect of cultivar on the phenolic profile and the antioxidant capacityView study →Reference 44Nowicka A et al. · 2019Comparison of polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of strawberry fruit from 90 cultivars of Fragaria × ananassa DuchView study →}. But the fruit is a modest source in absolute terms: across four cultivars and three mapping populations, ripe F. × ananassa fruit ran 2.9-9.3 mg/100 g fresh weight ^{8Reference 8Davik J et al. · 2020Major-effect candidate genes identified in cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) for ellagic acid deoxyhexoside and pelargonidin-3-O-malonylglucoside biosynthesisView study →}. The leaf is a different order of magnitude — 29.9-80.8 mg/g of dry matter (3-8%) in cv. Senga Sengana, and 1.5-2.7% in F. vesca, in both cases the single most abundant compound present ^{7Reference 7Fecka I et al. · 2022Fragaria × ananassa cvView study →}. Strawberry processing by-products (calyx, sepal, stem, unmarketable fruit) carry 0.38-1.56 g/kg, with agrimoniin the principal polyphenol in all three cultivars tested ^{43Reference 43Villamil-Galindo E et al. · 2021Strawberry agro-industrial by-products as a source of bioactive compounds — effect of cultivar on the phenolic profile and the antioxidant capacityView study →}. A tannin-rich preparation isolated from strawberry fruit puts the proportions beyond doubt: agrimoniin accounted for 51% of the preparation’s total ellagitannins, against about 5% for casuarictin, and the matched raspberry preparation contained no agrimoniin-led fraction at all ^{56Reference 56Sójka M et al. · 2025In vitroAntilisterial activity of tannin-rich preparations isolated from raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) fruit — in vitroView study →}. In the wild Fragaria viridis it reaches 1.41-2.63 mg/g of fresh fruit, ahead of lambertianin C at 1.20-1.86 mg/g ^{15Reference 15Olennikov DN et al. · 2020Fragaria viridis fruit metabolites — variation of LC-MS profile and antioxidant potential during ripening and storageView study →} — a figure roughly thirty times the cultivated-strawberry number, which is a quantitation-basis discrepancy as much as a botanical one and is flagged in the gaps note.

In Agrimonia — the namesake. Both pharmacopoeial agrimonies carry it as the dominant polyphenol, and they differ sharply in how much: fragrant agrimony (A. procera) is a far better source than common agrimony (A. eupatoria), a difference the pharmacopoeial total-tannin assay cannot detect ^{11Reference 11Granica S et al. · 2015The phytochemical investigation of Agrimonia eupatoria L. and Agrimonia procera Wallr. as valid sources of Agrimoniae herba — the pharmacopoeial plant materialView study →}. Mean agrimoniin runs 1,856 mg/100 g DW in A. procera leaf and 3,039 mg/100 g in its stem, against 427 mg/100 g in A. eupatoria leaf ^{10Reference 10Karlińska E et al. · 2021The aerial parts of Agrimonia procera Wallr. and Agrimonia eupatoria L. as a source of polyphenols, and especially agrimoniin and flavonoidsView study →}; validated analysis of pharmacopoeial Agrimoniae eupatoriae herba gives 2.6-5.4 mg/g, the dominant member of a 6.3-10.9 mg/g tannin fraction ^{12Reference 12Granica S et al. · 2013Development and validation of an HPLC-DAD-CAD-MS³ method for qualitative and quantitative standardization of polyphenols in Agrimoniae eupatoriae herba (PhView study →}. The Asian species A. asiatica is likewise agrimoniin-led ^{38Reference 38Kashchenko NI · 2020Phenolome of Asian agrimony tea (Agrimonia asiatica Juz., Rosaceae) — LC-MS profile, α-glucosidase inhibitory potential and stabilityView study →}. The original source, A. pilosa root, remains the preparative material of choice ^{22,27,36Reference 22Kim SB et al. · 2017In vitroPhytochemical analysis of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb, its antioxidant activity and aldose reductase inhibitory potential — in vitro and ex vivoView study →Reference 27Wang L et al. · 2024AnimalThe anti-colorectal cancer effect and metabolites of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. — AOM/DSS mouse modelView study →Reference 36Fedotcheva TA et al. · 2021In vitroNew properties and mitochondrial targets of polyphenol agrimoniin as a natural anticancer and preventive agent — in vitroView study →}.

In Potentilla and relatives. Tormentil (P. erecta) rhizome contains agrimoniin at a mean of about 2.5% of the rhizome, within a >20% total tannin content dominated by procyanidins B3 and C2; tinctures carry proportionally less ^{13Reference 13Fecka I et al. · 2015Quantification of tannins and related polyphenols in commercial products of tormentil (Potentilla tormentilla)View study →}. Marsh cinquefoil (Comarum palustre) herb extract reaches 241 mg/g of extract, with the monomer potentillin at 23 mg/g alongside ^{21Reference 21Kashchenko NI et al. · 2017AnimalAgrimoniin, an active ellagitannin from Comarum palustre herb with anti-α-glucosidase and antidiabetic potential in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ratsView study →}. Silverweed (P. anserina) herb is a standardised source ^{54Reference 54Olennikov DN et al. · 2014Phenolic profile of Potentilla anserina L. (Rosaceae) herb of Siberian origin and a rapid method for simultaneous determination of major phenolics in P. anserina pharmaceutical productsView study →}, and agrimoniin has been reported across at least fifteen further Potentilla species in phytochemical surveys ^{39,40Reference 39Augustynowicz D et al. · 2023In vitroPhytochemical profiling of extracts from rare Potentilla species and evaluation of their anticancer potential — in vitroView study →Reference 40Augustynowicz D et al. · 2022In vitroAnticancer potential of acetone extracts from selected Potentilla species against human colorectal cancer cells — in vitroView study →}. Lady’s mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris and A. mollis) leaf carries agrimoniin and pedunculagin as the major phenolic fraction ^{52Reference 52Duckstein SM et al. · 2013Phenolic constituents from Alchemilla vulgaris L. and Alchemilla mollis (Buser) Rothm. at different dates of harvestView study →}. Pharmaceutical products drawn from these Rosaceae herbs assayed between 0.57% and 3.23% agrimoniin ^{14Reference 14Fecka I · 2009Development of chromatographic methods for determination of agrimoniin and related polyphenols in pharmaceutical productsView study →}.

Where it is not. Agrimoniin is a minor Rubus constituent, not a major one — raspberry and blackberry belong to sanguiin H-6 and lambertianin C ^{5,30Reference 5Kosmala M et al. · 2015AnimalChemical composition of defatted strawberry and raspberry seeds and the effect of these dietary ingredients on polyphenol metabolites, intestinal function and selected serum parameters — rat studyView study →Reference 30Karlińska E et al. · 2019Structural elucidation of the ellagitannin with a molecular weight of 2038 isolated from strawberry fruit (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) and named fragariin AView study →}. And despite meadowsweet’s prominence as an ellagitannin herb, there is no PubMed record pairing agrimoniin with Filipendula (0 of 58); meadowsweet’s ellagitannins are the rugosins and tellimagrandins, not this molecule. Do not assume Rosaceae membership implies agrimoniin.

Major Natural Sources

Source	Part	Reported level	Basis
Garden strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa)	leaf	29.9-80.8 mg/g 7Reference 7Fecka I et al. · 2022Fragaria × ananassa cvView study →	dry matter; most abundant compound in the leaf
Fragrant agrimony (Agrimonia procera)	stem / leaf	26.4-39.3 / 15.8-21.7 mg/g 10Reference 10Karlińska E et al. · 2021The aerial parts of Agrimonia procera Wallr. and Agrimonia eupatoria L. as a source of polyphenols, and especially agrimoniin and flavonoidsView study →	dry weight; 94% / 47% of total polyphenols
Tormentil (Potentilla erecta)	rhizome	~25 mg/g 13Reference 13Fecka I et al. · 2015Quantification of tannins and related polyphenols in commercial products of tormentil (Potentilla tormentilla)View study →	dry rhizome; mean of commercial samples
Wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca)	leaf	14.8-27.0 mg/g 7Reference 7Fecka I et al. · 2022Fragaria × ananassa cvView study →	dry matter
Common agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria)	herb (Ph. Eur.)	2.6-5.4 mg/g 12Reference 12Granica S et al. · 2013Development and validation of an HPLC-DAD-CAD-MS³ method for qualitative and quantitative standardization of polyphenols in Agrimoniae eupatoriae herba (PhView study →	dry herb; dominant tannin
Marsh cinquefoil (Comarum palustre)	herb extract	241 mg/g 21Reference 21Kashchenko NI et al. · 2017AnimalAgrimoniin, an active ellagitannin from Comarum palustre herb with anti-α-glucosidase and antidiabetic potential in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ratsView study →	dry extract, not dry plant
Strawberry by-products (calyx, sepal, stem)	processing residue	0.38-1.56 g/kg 43Reference 43Villamil-Galindo E et al. · 2021Strawberry agro-industrial by-products as a source of bioactive compounds — effect of cultivar on the phenolic profile and the antioxidant capacityView study →	by-product weight; principal polyphenol
Creamy strawberry (Fragaria viridis)	fruit	1.41-2.63 mg/g 15Reference 15Olennikov DN et al. · 2020Fragaria viridis fruit metabolites — variation of LC-MS profile and antioxidant potential during ripening and storageView study →	fresh weight
Garden strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa)	fruit	2.9-9.3 mg/100 g 8Reference 8Davik J et al. · 2020Major-effect candidate genes identified in cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) for ellagic acid deoxyhexoside and pelargonidin-3-O-malonylglucoside biosynthesisView study →	fresh weight; quantified against gallic acid at 260 nm
Rosaceae herbal products (assorted)	finished preparations	0.57-3.23% 14Reference 14Fecka I · 2009Development of chromatographic methods for determination of agrimoniin and related polyphenols in pharmaceutical productsView study →	product weight

The two fresh-fruit rows disagree by about thirtyfold, and the gap is at least partly methodological — Davik’s cultivated-strawberry figures were quantified against gallic acid as external standard, Olennikov’s F. viridis figures against a different basis. A cross-calibrated fresh-weight strawberry figure using a purified agrimoniin standard is the single most useful missing number for this molecule.

Discovery & Synthesis

Agrimoniin was isolated and named in 1982 by Takuo Okuda, Takashi Yoshida, Masahiro Kuwahara, M. Usman Memon and Toshiyuki Shingu, working on the root of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. The communication announced two compounds at once — the dimer agrimoniin and its monomer potentillin — and its title carries the structural headline: they are “an ellagitannin dimer and monomer having an α-glucose core” ^{1Reference 1Okuda T et al. · 1982Agrimoniin and potentillin, an ellagitannin dimer and monomer having an α-glucose coreView study →}. The α-configuration is what separates this series from the β-anomeric casuarictin series that gives sanguiin H-6, and it was novel at the time. The full structures, together with the related dimers agrimonic acids A and B, followed in 1984 as the first paper in the Tannins of Rosaceous Medicinal Plants series ^{2Reference 2Okuda T et al. · 1984Tannins of rosaceous medicinal plantsView study →}. The name is botanical: it commemorates the genus it came out of.

Its identity as strawberry’s main ellagitannin came thirty years later, and as a correction. Although strawberry composition had been studied exhaustively, agrimoniin “had never been univocally identified as one of the most abundant phenolic compounds in the fruit”; the 2012 study isolated it from F. vesca, characterised it, established it as the main ellagitannin of both F. vesca and F. × ananassa, published the first full NMR assignments, and set out an HPLC protocol expressly to prevent further confusion with sanguiin H-6 ^{3Reference 3Vrhovsek U et al. · 2012Clarifying the identity of the main ellagitannin in the fruit of the strawberry, Fragaria vesca and Fragaria ananassa DuchView study →}. A structurally adjacent strawberry ellagitannin of 2,038 Da — fragariin A, agrimoniin plus a gallic acid on the second glucose — was described in 2019 ^{30Reference 30Karlińska E et al. · 2019Structural elucidation of the ellagitannin with a molecular weight of 2038 isolated from strawberry fruit (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) and named fragariin AView study →}.

No total synthesis of agrimoniin has been reported. The hardest piece, the dehydrodigalloyl linker, has been made: orthochloranil oxidation of galloyl monoethers gives reactive orthoquinones that dimerise under Lewis-acid catalysis to the dehydrodigalloyl diaryl ether “characteristic of several ellagitannin natural products” ^{49Reference 49Feldman KS et al. · 1996Galloyl-derived orthoquinones as reactive partners in nucleophilic additions and Diels-Alder dimerizations — a novel route to the dehydrodigalloyl linker unit of agrimoniin-type ellagitanninsView study →} — but the full dimer, with two macrocyclic glucose cores and four HHDP groups, has not been assembled. Supply is extraction only, and unusually good extraction: agrimoniin is obtained at ≥95-97% purity from Potentilla anserina herb or A. pilosa root by column chromatography ^{7,22Reference 7Fecka I et al. · 2022Fragaria × ananassa cvView study →Reference 22Kim SB et al. · 2017In vitroPhytochemical analysis of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb, its antioxidant activity and aldose reductase inhibitory potential — in vitro and ex vivoView study →}, and strawberry processing waste and agrimony aerial parts are both cheap, high-titre feedstocks ^{10,43Reference 10Karlińska E et al. · 2021The aerial parts of Agrimonia procera Wallr. and Agrimonia eupatoria L. as a source of polyphenols, and especially agrimoniin and flavonoidsView study →Reference 43Villamil-Galindo E et al. · 2021Strawberry agro-industrial by-products as a source of bioactive compounds — effect of cultivar on the phenolic profile and the antioxidant capacityView study →}. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of strawberry by-products, and response-surface optimisation of A. eupatoria extraction (9.16 mg/g agrimoniin at the optimum), have both been published as scale-up routes ^{46,55Reference 46Villamil-Galindo E et al. · 2023In vitroKinetic ultrasound-assisted extraction as a sustainable approach for the recovery of phenolics accumulated through UVA treatment in strawberry by-products — in vitroView study →Reference 55Sukackas J et al. · 2025Optimisation of phenolic compound extraction from Agrimonia eupatoria L. using response surface methodology for enhanced yield of different phenolics and maximised antioxidant activityView study →}.

Patents: not yet researched.

Toxicity & Safety

Agrimoniin carries a low flag, and it is one of the better-supported low flags in this class. It is the principal polyphenol of a major food crop, the marker constituent of two pharmacopoeial herbal drugs with long traditional use, and the one repeat-dose oral animal experiment that included healthy controls found agrimoniin at 100 mg/kg/day for 21 days indistinguishable from untreated animals ^{21Reference 21Kashchenko NI et al. · 2017AnimalAgrimoniin, an active ellagitannin from Comarum palustre herb with anti-α-glucosidase and antidiabetic potential in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ratsView study →}. The cautions below are real, and two of them are hydrolysable-tannin class properties rather than anything specific to this molecule.

Safety at a Glance

✅ Low / no toxicity

• Substantial dietary and herbal history. The main ellagitannin of strawberry, the marker compound of Agrimoniae herba and tormentil rhizome, consumed as food and as infusion with no signal of harm.
• A real oral tolerability observation. Healthy rats given 100 mg/kg/day for 21 days showed blood and weight parameters close to untreated controls.
• Poorly absorbed, which cuts both ways. The same barrier that blocks systemic efficacy blocks systemic toxicity.
• Inhibits CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes at IC₅₀ 6.3-9.4 µM — a genuine interaction flag on paper, though it assumes a plasma concentration nobody has ever measured.
• The antitumour immunostimulant results used injection. Intraperitoneal and intravenous tannin is a different exposure from a cup of tea, and nothing here supports parenteral use.
• Tannin astringency. Protein binding is the mechanism of its astringent and antimicrobial action; heavy tannin intake is markedly drying and can hinder iron, mineral and protein absorption.
• No isolate safety data in humans. No dose-ranging, no repeat-dose toxicology, no reproductive package, no interaction study in people.

Full Safety & Interactions Detail

The CYP finding, and how much weight it can bear. Agrimoniin inhibited CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 in pooled human liver microsomes in a dose-dependent manner, with IC₅₀ values of 6.26, 9.35 and 8.30 µM respectively; it was a non-competitive inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a competitive inhibitor of CYP1A2 and CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 inhibition was also time-dependent — the pattern associated with mechanism-based inhibition. The authors conclude that interactions with drugs metabolised by these isoforms “should be paid special attention” ^{48Reference 48Zhou Y et al. · 2021In vitroAgrimoniin inhibits the activity of CYP1A2, 2D6 and 3A4 in human liver microsomes — in vitroView study →}. Two things temper that. First, these are microsomes: the experiment presupposes that agrimoniin reaches hepatocytes, and no study has ever detected intact agrimoniin in blood. Second, large polyphenols inhibit microsomal enzymes fairly promiscuously, and the accompanying serum-binding result ^{24Reference 24Miyamoto K et al. · 1987AnimalAntitumor effect of agrimoniin, a tannin of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb., on transplantable rodent tumors — mouse studyView study →} suggests much of the compound would be protein-bound anyway. Treat it as a reason to be careful with concentrated tormentil or agrimony extracts alongside narrow-therapeutic-index CYP3A4 substrates, not as an established clinical interaction. It has not been tested in an animal, let alone a person.

Tannin-class effects. As a large hydrolysable tannin, agrimoniin binds and precipitates proteins — the basis of its astringency, of the traditional antidiarrhoeal and haemostatic use of agrimony and tormentil, and of the antibacterial activity above. The general tannin cautions apply to concentrated preparations: pronounced dryness and puckering, potential interference with non-haem iron and other mineral absorption, and reduced protein availability at high intakes. These are class properties and have not been quantified for this molecule. Its documented iron chelation ^{35,36Reference 35Gadar K et al. · 2026In vitroBogland plant tormentil inhibits multidrug-resistant pathogen growth and potentiates antibiotics by disrupting iron homeostasis — in vitroView study →Reference 36Fedotcheva TA et al. · 2021In vitroNew properties and mitochondrial targets of polyphenol agrimoniin as a natural anticancer and preventive agent — in vitroView study →} gives that caution an unusually direct mechanistic footing.

Immunostimulation is not automatically benign. The most striking finding here is that agrimoniin raises immune activity — IL-1β induction, NK activation, monocytosis, splenomegaly ^{24,25,26Reference 24Miyamoto K et al. · 1987AnimalAntitumor effect of agrimoniin, a tannin of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb., on transplantable rodent tumors — mouse studyView study →Reference 25Miyamoto K et al. · 1988AnimalInduction of cytotoxicity of peritoneal exudate cells by agrimoniin, a novel immunomodulatory tannin of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. — mouse studyView study →Reference 26Murayama T et al. · 1992In vitroAgrimoniin, an antitumor tannin of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb., induces interleukin-1 — in vitro and mouse studyView study →}. In piglets, Agrimonia procera pretreatment produced a faster and larger fever and apparently more TNF-α release after a lipopolysaccharide challenge than controls ^{42Reference 42Gräber T et al. · 2018Agrimonia procera exerts antimicrobial effects, modulates the expression of defensins and cytokines in colonocytes and increases the immune response in lipopolysaccharide-challenged pigletsView study →}. That is a plausible reason for caution in autoimmune disease or with immunosuppressive therapy — but it is a theoretical concern derived from injected doses and an animal extract study, and nobody has tested it.

Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity context. No genotoxicity study of purified agrimoniin has been published. The cytotoxicity results are all in cancer lines; where a selectivity index against normal cells was measured, it was for Potentilla extracts rather than the isolate, and it favoured selectivity (LS180 colon cancer IC₅₀ 38 µg/mL vs. normal CCD841 CoN 1,134 µg/mL for the best extract), with the extracts described as not cytotoxic to normal colon epithelial cells ^{39,40Reference 39Augustynowicz D et al. · 2023In vitroPhytochemical profiling of extracts from rare Potentilla species and evaluation of their anticancer potential — in vitroView study →Reference 40Augustynowicz D et al. · 2022In vitroAnticancer potential of acetone extracts from selected Potentilla species against human colorectal cancer cells — in vitroView study →}. That is reassuring at extract level and says nothing definitive about the molecule.

Reproductive note. There is no reproductive or developmental toxicity dataset for isolated agrimoniin. Agrimony, tormentil and strawberry leaf each have their own traditional-use literature; pregnancy and lactation decisions belong to those herb monographs, where intake is actually decided, not to a molecule page.

Dosage

There is no dose. Agrimoniin is not sold as a supplement, has never been given to a person as a purified compound in a trial, and has no established human dose. What exists is dietary, herbal and research exposure — and the gap between the food figure and the herb figure is the striking thing:

The infusion figures are content of the dry material, not extraction yield — how much of a 1,871 Da tannin actually crosses into hot water in ten minutes has not been measured for these herbs, and infusions of A. asiatica extract less than decoctions on the α-glucosidase readout ^{38Reference 38Kashchenko NI · 2020Phenolome of Asian agrimony tea (Agrimonia asiatica Juz., Rosaceae) — LC-MS profile, α-glucosidase inhibitory potential and stabilityView study →}. Content also varies severalfold with species, plant part, developmental stage and harvest year ^{7,10,53Reference 7Fecka I et al. · 2022Fragaria × ananassa cvView study →Reference 10Karlińska E et al. · 2021The aerial parts of Agrimonia procera Wallr. and Agrimonia eupatoria L. as a source of polyphenols, and especially agrimoniin and flavonoidsView study →Reference 53Gasperotti M et al. · 2013Evolution of ellagitannin content and profile during fruit ripening in Fragaria sppView study →}, so treat all of these as ranges. These are figures from research and food analysis, not a personal recommendation.

References

1. Okuda T, Yoshida T, Kuwahara M, Memon MU, Shingu T (1982). Agrimoniin and potentillin, an ellagitannin dimer and monomer having an α-glucose core. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, 163–164. https://doi.org/10.1039/C39820000163
2. Okuda T, Yoshida T, Kuwahara M, Memon MU, Shingu T (1984). Tannins of rosaceous medicinal plants. I. Structures of potentillin, agrimonic acids A and B, and agrimoniin, a dimeric ellagitannin. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 32(6), 2165–2173. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.32.2165
3. Vrhovsek U, Guella G, Gasperotti M, Pojer E, Zancato M, Mattivi F (2012). Clarifying the identity of the main ellagitannin in the fruit of the strawberry, Fragaria vesca and Fragaria ananassa Duch. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22339338/
4. Piwowarski JP, Granica S, Zwierzyńska M, Stefańska J, Schopohl P, Melzig MF, Kiss AK (2014). Role of human gut microbiota metabolism in the anti-inflammatory effect of traditionally used ellagitannin-rich plant materials — ex vivo. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24969824/
5. Kosmala M, Zduńczyk Z, Juśkiewicz J, Jurgoński A, Karlińska E, Macierzyński J, Jańczak R, Rój E (2015). Chemical composition of defatted strawberry and raspberry seeds and the effect of these dietary ingredients on polyphenol metabolites, intestinal function and selected serum parameters — rat study. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25746061/
6. Milala J, Kosmala M, Karlińska E, Juśkiewicz J, Zduńczyk Z, Fotschki B (2017). Ellagitannins from strawberries with different degrees of polymerization showed different metabolism through the gastrointestinal tract of rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29143528/
7. Fecka I, Bednarska K, Włodarczyk M (2022). Fragaria × ananassa cv. Senga Sengana leaf — an agricultural waste with antiglycation potential and high content of ellagitannins, flavonols and 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid. Molecules. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36014531/
8. Davik J, Aaby K, Buti M, Alsheikh M, Šurbanovski N, Martens S, Røen D, et al. (2020). Major-effect candidate genes identified in cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) for ellagic acid deoxyhexoside and pelargonidin-3-O-malonylglucoside biosynthesis. Horticulture Research. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32821408/
9. Grochowski DM, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Orhan IE, Xiao J, Locatelli M, Piwowarski JP, Granica S, Tomczyk M (2017). A comprehensive review of agrimoniin. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28731232/
10. Karlińska E, Romanowska B, Kosmala M (2021). The aerial parts of Agrimonia procera Wallr. and Agrimonia eupatoria L. as a source of polyphenols, and especially agrimoniin and flavonoids. Molecules. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34946788/
11. Granica S, Kluge H, Horn G, Matkowski A, Kiss AK (2015). The phytochemical investigation of Agrimonia eupatoria L. and Agrimonia procera Wallr. as valid sources of Agrimoniae herba — the pharmacopoeial plant material. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26092224/
12. Granica S, Krupa K, Kłębowska A, Kiss AK (2013). Development and validation of an HPLC-DAD-CAD-MS³ method for qualitative and quantitative standardization of polyphenols in Agrimoniae eupatoriae herba (Ph. Eur.). Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24001902/
13. Fecka I, Kucharska AZ, Kowalczyk A (2015). Quantification of tannins and related polyphenols in commercial products of tormentil (Potentilla tormentilla). Phytochemical Analysis. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26047031/
14. Fecka I (2009). Development of chromatographic methods for determination of agrimoniin and related polyphenols in pharmaceutical products. Journal of AOAC International. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19485199/
15. Olennikov DN, Vasilieva AG, Chirikova NK (2020). Fragaria viridis fruit metabolites — variation of LC-MS profile and antioxidant potential during ripening and storage. Pharmaceuticals. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32971880/
16. Hrenn A, Steinbrecher T, Labahn A, Schwager J, Schempp CM, Merfort I (2006). Plant phenolics inhibit neutrophil elastase — in vitro. Planta Medica. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17024589/
17. Hoffmann J, Casetti F, Bullerkotte U, Haarhaus B, Vagedes J, Schempp CM, Wölfle U (2016). Anti-inflammatory effects of agrimoniin-enriched fractions of Potentilla erecta — in vitro and human UV-erythema study. Molecules. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27322232/
18. Fumagalli M, Sangiovanni E, Vrhovsek U, Piazza S, Colombo E, Gasperotti M, Mattivi F, De Fabiani E, Dell’Agli M (2016). Strawberry tannins inhibit IL-8 secretion in a cell model of gastric inflammation — in vitro. Pharmacological Research. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27473819/
19. Bazylko A, Piwowarski JP, Filipek A, Bonarewicz J, Tomczyk M (2013). In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of extracts from Potentilla recta and its main ellagitannin, agrimoniin. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23811215/
20. Martinelli G, Piazza S, Fumagalli M, Maranta N, Pozzoli C, Sonzogni E, Moheb El Haddad S, Vrhovsek U, Mattivi F, Sangiovanni E, De Fabiani E, Dell’Agli M (2025). Investigating ellagitannins from strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) as a new strategy to counteract H. pylori infection and inflammation — in vitro. Food & Function. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40452546/
21. Kashchenko NI, Chirikova NK, Olennikov DN (2017). Agrimoniin, an active ellagitannin from Comarum palustre herb with anti-α-glucosidase and antidiabetic potential in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Molecules. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28045450/
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