Magnoflorine

Magnoflorine at a Glance

Magnoflorine is a quaternary aporphine alkaloid of barberry, abuta, muira puama, magnolia and many other plants — a very common co-alkaloid of berberine.

Its permanent positive charge is the governing fact, though it cuts less deeply than the textbook rule suggests: measured oral bioavailability in rats is 22.6%, respectable for an alkaloid this polar, while brain penetration remains the real limit on its CNS claims.

Its preclinical activity is modest and no human isolate trial exists.

The Quaternary Problem

Almost every alkaloid on these pages is a free base: a neutral molecule that becomes charged only when it meets an acid. Magnoflorine is not. Its nitrogen carries two methyl groups and a permanent positive charge, so it is a fixed cation at every pH in the body. It cannot shed that charge to slip through a lipid membrane, which is the classic reason quaternary alkaloids are poorly absorbed and stay out of the brain — the same reason tubocurarine has to be injected and berberine’s own systemic exposure is so low.

The measurement is kinder than the rule. In rats, magnoflorine’s absolute oral bioavailability is 22.6% ^{12Reference 12Bao S et al. · 2015AnimalPharmacokinetics in rats and tissue distribution in mouse of magnoflorine by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry — animalView study →} — an order of magnitude better than nuciferine (1.9%) or boldine (7%), both of which are uncharged. Absorption and elimination are both rapid, and distribution is wide, with liver highest, followed by heart, spleen and lung ^{12Reference 12Bao S et al. · 2015AnimalPharmacokinetics in rats and tissue distribution in mouse of magnoflorine by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry — animalView study →}.

Where the charge does bite is the blood–brain barrier, and that is exactly where the most interesting claims sit. The anxiolytic, antidepressant and cognitive findings all require magnoflorine in the brain, and the tissue-distribution work does not put it there in quantity ^{12Reference 12Bao S et al. · 2015AnimalPharmacokinetics in rats and tissue distribution in mouse of magnoflorine by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry — animalView study →}. The clearest evidence that researchers regard this as a real obstacle is what they build around it: magnoflorine has been encapsulated in chitosan–collagen nanocapsules specifically to get it into the central nervous system, and the nanocapsule formulation is what produced the cognitive benefit in a scopolamine rat model ^{17Reference 17Bashir DJ et al. · 2023AnimalMagnoflorine-loaded chitosan collagen nanocapsules ameliorate cognitive deficit in scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s-disease-like conditions in a rat model — animal in vivoView study →}.

The honest reading is a molecule that gets into the bloodstream better than its chemistry predicts and into the brain worse than its pharmacology needs.

Magnoflorine Is Not Aristolochic Acid

Magnoflorine occurs in some Aristolochia species. Aristolochic acid — the nitrophenanthrene carboxylic acid responsible for aristolochic-acid nephropathy and urothelial carcinoma — is a chemically unrelated molecule that happens to occur in the same genus.

The two share no structural feature, no mechanism and no toxicology. Magnoflorine is an aporphine alkaloid; aristolochic acid is not an alkaloid at all. A plant containing magnoflorine is not thereby a plant containing aristolochic acid, and a Berberis, Coptis, Magnolia or Tinospora preparation carries no aristolochic-acid risk from this constituent.

The confusion is worth naming because magnoflorine is one of the most widely distributed alkaloids in medicinal plants, and guilt by genus would put a false warning on a very large number of them. The real Aristolochia hazard is documented on tetrandrine, where a botanical substitution actually did cause it.

What It's Used For

Magnoflorine’s literature is modest and entirely preclinical — anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, metabolic and hypotensive signals, spread thin across genera ^{1,2Reference 1Xu T et al. · 2020ReviewMagnoflorine: a review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicity — reviewView study →Reference 2Okon E et al. · 2020ReviewAdvances in chemistry and bioactivity of magnoflorine and magnoflorine-containing extracts — reviewView study →}. Read it against the two facts above: systemic exposure is adequate, brain exposure is not, and the CNS claims are the ones that need the brain.

Evidence by IndicationStrength of support · Beta

01Anxiolytic / sedativeShaky30%One CNS mechanistic study + neuro rodent models ^{3,4,5Reference 3de la Peña JB et al. · 2013AnimalThe involvement of magnoflorine in the sedative and anxiolytic effects of Sinomeni Caulis et Rhizoma in mice — animal in vivoView study →Reference 4Zhong L et al. · 2023AnimalMagnoflorine improves cognitive deficits and pathology of Alzheimer’s disease via inhibiting the JNK signalling pathway — animal in vivoView study →Reference 5Liang H et al. · 2022AnimalMagnoflorine attenuates cerebral-ischemia-induced neuronal injury via the autophagy/Sirt1/AMPK signalling pathway — animal in vivoView study →}

02Anti-inflammatory / immunomodulatoryShaky28%Rodent NF-κB/MAPK models (with a contradiction) ^{6,7,8Reference 6Wang L et al. · 2023AnimalMagnoflorine ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis by suppressing the inflammation response via the NF-κB/MAPK signalling pathways — animal in vivoView study →Reference 7Guo S et al. · 2018AnimalMagnoflorine ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via suppressing NF-κB and MAPK activation — animal in vivoView study →Reference 8Haque MA et al. · 2018In vitroMagnoflorine enhances LPS-activated pro-inflammatory responses via MyD88-dependent pathways in U937 macrophages — in vitroView study →}

03MetabolicShaky24%Diabetic-rat model + aporphine review ^{9,10Reference 9Yadav A et al. · 2021AnimalMagnoflorine prevents skeletal-muscle atrophy via the Akt/mTOR/FoxO signal pathway and increases slow-MyHC production in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats — animal in vivoView study →Reference 10Wang FX et al. · 2021ReviewNatural aporphine alkaloids with potential to impact metabolic syndrome — reviewView study →}

04Cardiovascular (hypotensive)Shaky18%Classical isolate pharmacology ^{11Reference 11Chang JQ et al. · 1964AnimalChang JQ, Wang JG, Li CC, et al. (1964). [Pharmacological studies on magnoflorine, a hypotensive principle from tu qing mu xiang] — animal in vivo. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14125837/View study →}

Mechanisms

No single well-validated molecular target; effects are pathway-level and mostly preclinical.

Pharmacokinetics

Better characterised than most alkaloids at this level of study, and more favourable than the textbook description of a quaternary alkaloid.

Absolute oral bioavailability in rats is 22.6%, measured against an intravenous reference by UPLC-MS/MS ^{12Reference 12Bao S et al. · 2015AnimalPharmacokinetics in rats and tissue distribution in mouse of magnoflorine by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry — animalView study →}. Absorption and elimination are both rapid, and distribution is wide, with the highest tissue concentration in liver, then heart, spleen and lung ^{12Reference 12Bao S et al. · 2015AnimalPharmacokinetics in rats and tissue distribution in mouse of magnoflorine by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry — animalView study →}. Brain is not among the tissues that load.

One finding matters more than the numbers. The pharmacology review records that other alkaloids in the same herb — berberine among them — slow magnoflorine’s absorption and elimination and raise its bioavailability ^{1Reference 1Xu T et al. · 2020ReviewMagnoflorine: a review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicity — reviewView study →}. That is a matrix effect running in the unusual direction: the whole extract delivers more systemic magnoflorine than the isolate does, so isolate pharmacokinetics understate what a decoction achieves.

There is no human pharmacokinetic data.

Clinical trials

There are no human trials of isolated magnoflorine for any indication. Human exposure is only as a minor constituent of multi-herb formulas (Sinomenium, Gegen-Qinlian, muira puama, barberry preparations), where effects cannot be attributed to magnoflorine; all efficacy data are cell-based or rodent. Scattered cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines has also been reported ^{13Reference 13Okon E et al. · 2020In vitroMagnoflorine — isolation and the anticancer potential against NCI-H1299 lung, MDA-MB-468 breast, T98G glioma and TE671 rhabdomyosarcoma cancer cells — in vitroView study →}.

Last checked: July 2026.

Isolate vs. Plant Studies

All the efficacy work is the isolate — purified magnoflorine dosed to rodents or applied to cells ^{3,4,5,6,7,8,9,13Reference 3de la Peña JB et al. · 2013AnimalThe involvement of magnoflorine in the sedative and anxiolytic effects of Sinomeni Caulis et Rhizoma in mice — animal in vivoView study →Reference 4Zhong L et al. · 2023AnimalMagnoflorine improves cognitive deficits and pathology of Alzheimer’s disease via inhibiting the JNK signalling pathway — animal in vivoView study →Reference 5Liang H et al. · 2022AnimalMagnoflorine attenuates cerebral-ischemia-induced neuronal injury via the autophagy/Sirt1/AMPK signalling pathway — animal in vivoView study →Reference 6Wang L et al. · 2023AnimalMagnoflorine ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis by suppressing the inflammation response via the NF-κB/MAPK signalling pathways — animal in vivoView study →Reference 7Guo S et al. · 2018AnimalMagnoflorine ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via suppressing NF-κB and MAPK activation — animal in vivoView study →Reference 8Haque MA et al. · 2018In vitroMagnoflorine enhances LPS-activated pro-inflammatory responses via MyD88-dependent pathways in U937 macrophages — in vitroView study →Reference 9Yadav A et al. · 2021AnimalMagnoflorine prevents skeletal-muscle atrophy via the Akt/mTOR/FoxO signal pathway and increases slow-MyHC production in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats — animal in vivoView study →Reference 13Okon E et al. · 2020In vitroMagnoflorine — isolation and the anticancer potential against NCI-H1299 lung, MDA-MB-468 breast, T98G glioma and TE671 rhabdomyosarcoma cancer cells — in vitroView study →}. There is no human trial of either the isolate or a magnoflorine-standardised extract, and human exposure happens only as a minor constituent of multi-herb formulas where the effect cannot be apportioned.

Two things make the split more interesting here than usual.

The plant matrix helps rather than hinders. Co-occurring alkaloids, berberine included, slow magnoflorine’s absorption and elimination and raise its bioavailability ^{1Reference 1Xu T et al. · 2020ReviewMagnoflorine: a review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicity — reviewView study →}. That is the opposite of the usual isolate-versus-extract story, in which purification is what makes a dose achievable. For magnoflorine, the isolate’s pharmacokinetics are the pessimistic case.

The one behavioural result that started the field was a fractionation study. Magnoflorine was identified as a sedative and anxiolytic constituent of Sinomeni Caulis et Rhizoma by testing the purified alkaloid against the herb it came from ^{3Reference 3de la Peña JB et al. · 2013AnimalThe involvement of magnoflorine in the sedative and anxiolytic effects of Sinomeni Caulis et Rhizoma in mice — animal in vivoView study →} — the right design, and still the only one of its kind on this molecule.

Against that, the strongest cognitive result did not use magnoflorine as a plant delivers it at all: it used magnoflorine loaded into chitosan–collagen nanocapsules ^{17Reference 17Bashir DJ et al. · 2023AnimalMagnoflorine-loaded chitosan collagen nanocapsules ameliorate cognitive deficit in scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s-disease-like conditions in a rat model — animal in vivoView study →}. A formulation that outperforms the free compound is evidence about the formulation.

Its Role in Plants

Magnoflorine’s biosynthesis is one of the better-resolved aporphine routes, and the enzyme was found in goldthread.

CYP80G2, a cytochrome P450 cloned from cultured Coptis japonica cells, catalyses an intramolecular carbon–carbon phenol coupling of (S)-reticuline to give (S)-corytuberine — the step that closes the benzylisoquinoline into an aporphine ^{14Reference 14Ikezawa N et al. · 2008Molecular cloning and characterization of CYP80G2, a cytochrome P450 that catalyzes an intramolecular C–C phenol coupling of (S)-reticuline in magnoflorine biosynthesis, from cultured Coptis japonica cellsView study →}. A coclaurine N-methyltransferase from the same plant then methylates corytuberine to magnoflorine, adding the second N-methyl group that makes it quaternary. CYP80G2 is a close relative of Berberis CYP80A1, the intermolecular C–O phenol-coupling enzyme that builds the bisbenzylisoquinolines ^{14Reference 14Ikezawa N et al. · 2008Molecular cloning and characterization of CYP80G2, a cytochrome P450 that catalyzes an intramolecular C–C phenol coupling of (S)-reticuline in magnoflorine biosynthesis, from cultured Coptis japonica cellsView study →} — one enzyme family, two ways of using it: fold a molecule on itself, or join two together.

That relationship explains the company magnoflorine keeps. The plants that make it — Berberis, Coptis, Tinospora, Menispermum, Magnolia — are the same plants that make berberine and the bisbenzylisoquinolines, because the pathways share their early steps and diverge at the coupling enzyme.

These alkaloids accumulate in root, rhizome and bark: perennial tissue, defended for the long term.

Prevalence in Nature

Magnoflorine is one of the most widely distributed aporphine alkaloids in the plant kingdom ^{12Reference 12Bao S et al. · 2015AnimalPharmacokinetics in rats and tissue distribution in mouse of magnoflorine by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry — animalView study →}, which is unusual for a molecule with so little dedicated pharmacology. It turns up across the Berberidaceae, Menispermaceae, Ranunculaceae, Magnoliaceae, Aristolochiaceae and Olacaceae, and it is almost always a root, rhizome or bark constituent rather than a leaf or fruit one.

The best-quantified source is not one of the famous ones. In Ptychopetalum olacoides — muira puama — magnoflorine and menisperine together accounted for 75.96% of the calibrated analytes in the bark, with the phenolic components far behind at no more than 1.04 mg/g, leading the authors to conclude that alkaloids are the dominant substances in the plant ^{15Reference 15Tian X et al. · 2018Qualitative and quantitative analysis of chemical constituents of Ptychopetalum olacoides BenthView study →}. That figure is a share of the eight compounds the method calibrated for, not a share of the bark by mass — an important distinction, and one worth holding onto, because 76% reads like a content figure and is not one.

Elsewhere it is a minor co-alkaloid: in Berberis and Coptis root the alkaloid fraction is dominated by berberine, with magnoflorine present alongside jatrorrhizine, palmatine and columbamine ^{1,16Reference 1Xu T et al. · 2020ReviewMagnoflorine: a review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicity — reviewView study →Reference 16Küpeli E et al. · 2002AnimalA comparative study on the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic effects of isoquinoline alkaloids from the roots of Turkish Berberis species — animal in vivoView study →}. It also occurs in Sinomenium acutum ^{3Reference 3de la Peña JB et al. · 2013AnimalThe involvement of magnoflorine in the sedative and anxiolytic effects of Sinomeni Caulis et Rhizoma in mice — animal in vivoView study →}, Magnolia officinalis, Tinospora cordifolia, Thalictrum species and some Aristolochia species — the last of which is the source of the confusion addressed above.

No percentage-of-dry-weight figure has been published for magnoflorine in any of its major sources, which is why no Content by Source chart appears here.

Major Natural Sources

Source	Part	Level	Note
Muira puama (Ptychopetalum olacoides)	bark	with menisperine, 75.96% of calibrated analytes	a share of the eight quantified compounds, not of the bark 15Reference 15Tian X et al. · 2018Qualitative and quantitative analysis of chemical constituents of Ptychopetalum olacoides BenthView study →
Barberry (Berberis vulgaris)	root, root bark	minor	berberine-dominated alkaloid fraction 1,16Reference 1Xu T et al. · 2020ReviewMagnoflorine: a review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicity — reviewView study →Reference 16Küpeli E et al. · 2002AnimalA comparative study on the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic effects of isoquinoline alkaloids from the roots of Turkish Berberis species — animal in vivoView study →
Goldthread (Coptis spp.)	rhizome	minor	the plant in which the biosynthetic enzyme was found 14Reference 14Ikezawa N et al. · 2008Molecular cloning and characterization of CYP80G2, a cytochrome P450 that catalyzes an intramolecular C–C phenol coupling of (S)-reticuline in magnoflorine biosynthesis, from cultured Coptis japonica cellsView study →
Sinomenium acutum	stem, rhizome	not quantified	the source for the sedative/anxiolytic fractionation study 3Reference 3de la Peña JB et al. · 2013AnimalThe involvement of magnoflorine in the sedative and anxiolytic effects of Sinomeni Caulis et Rhizoma in mice — animal in vivoView study →
Magnolia (Magnolia officinalis), guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), Thalictrum spp.	bark, stem, root	not quantified	further widely reported sources 1,2Reference 1Xu T et al. · 2020ReviewMagnoflorine: a review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicity — reviewView study →Reference 2Okon E et al. · 2020ReviewAdvances in chemistry and bioactivity of magnoflorine and magnoflorine-containing extracts — reviewView study →

Discovery & Synthesis

Magnoflorine takes its name from Magnolia, and is one of the long-established aporphine alkaloids of the East Asian materia medica; a single first-isolation date and discoverer are not reliably fixed in the accessible record. Its first characterised pharmacology is clearer — a 1964 study of magnoflorine as the hypotensive principle of tu qing mu xiang ^{11Reference 11Chang JQ et al. · 1964AnimalChang JQ, Wang JG, Li CC, et al. (1964). [Pharmacological studies on magnoflorine, a hypotensive principle from tu qing mu xiang] — animal in vivo. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14125837/View study →}.

There is no total synthesis in use, and no commercial one. Research material is isolated from alkaloid-rich root and bark; a 2020 study describes the isolation route used to obtain it in quantity for cytotoxicity screening ^{13Reference 13Okon E et al. · 2020In vitroMagnoflorine — isolation and the anticancer potential against NCI-H1299 lung, MDA-MB-468 breast, T98G glioma and TE671 rhabdomyosarcoma cancer cells — in vitroView study →}. The realistic alternative route is biosynthetic rather than chemical: with CYP80G2 and the Coptis methyltransferase both cloned and functional in heterologous hosts ^{14Reference 14Ikezawa N et al. · 2008Molecular cloning and characterization of CYP80G2, a cytochrome P450 that catalyzes an intramolecular C–C phenol coupling of (S)-reticuline in magnoflorine biosynthesis, from cultured Coptis japonica cellsView study →}, a fermentation route to magnoflorine is a solved problem in principle.

What is engineered is delivery. The formulation literature — chitosan–collagen nanocapsules built to carry magnoflorine into the brain ^{17Reference 17Bashir DJ et al. · 2023AnimalMagnoflorine-loaded chitosan collagen nanocapsules ameliorate cognitive deficit in scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s-disease-like conditions in a rat model — animal in vivoView study →} — is the most active area of chemistry around this molecule, which is a fair summary of where its difficulty lies.

Patents: not yet researched (future patent-loop pass).

Toxicity & Safety

Magnoflorine’s own toxicology is thin and unalarming. The most important safety fact about it is a negative one, set out above: it is not aristolochic acid.

Safety at a Glance

✅ Low / no toxicityCardiac risk

• Low acute oral toxicity. Poor absorption as a quaternary alkaloid keeps oral exposure low, and the pharmacology review found no major toxicity signal at studied doses.
• Not aristolochic acid. The renal toxicity and carcinogenicity of Aristolochia come from a chemically unrelated compound.
• Avoid in pregnancy and lactation. No reproductive or developmental data.
• Hypotensive action. Classical studies show a blood-pressure-lowering effect by injection.
• Human toxicology essentially uncharacterized. Injected or high systemic exposure is not benign.

Full Safety & Interactions Detail

The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicity review reports magnoflorine as non-toxic to most cells with no major toxicity signal at studied doses, while noting explicitly that long-term and high-dose animal toxicity testing has not been done ^{1Reference 1Xu T et al. · 2020ReviewMagnoflorine: a review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicity — reviewView study →}. It is not inert: classical studies show a parenteral hypotensive action ^{11Reference 11Chang JQ et al. · 1964AnimalChang JQ, Wang JG, Li CC, et al. (1964). [Pharmacological studies on magnoflorine, a hypotensive principle from tu qing mu xiang] — animal in vivo. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14125837/View study →}, and one in-vivo comparison of six Berberis alkaloids found that all of them, magnoflorine included, induced gastric lesions in mice to varying degrees ^{16Reference 16Küpeli E et al. · 2002AnimalA comparative study on the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic effects of isoquinoline alkaloids from the roots of Turkish Berberis species — animal in vivoView study →}.

Two qualifications belong with the low assessment rather than against it. The oral picture is reassuring but the injected picture is not characterised at all, and 22.6% oral bioavailability ^{12Reference 12Bao S et al. · 2015AnimalPharmacokinetics in rats and tissue distribution in mouse of magnoflorine by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry — animalView study →} means systemic exposure is real rather than negligible. And the accuracy point above stands on its own: magnoflorine is not aristolochic acid, and the renal toxicity and carcinogenicity of Aristolochia belong to a chemically unrelated compound that must not be attributed to this one.

Dosage

There is no established human dose — no isolate dosing exists, and nothing here is a recommendation.

The nanocapsule figures in particular cannot be converted to a dose of the plain compound, since the formulation exists precisely to change its distribution. These are doses studied in research and are not a personal recommendation.

References

1. Xu T, Kuang T, Du H, et al. (2020). Magnoflorine: a review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicity — review. Pharmacological Research. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31911246/
2. Okon E, Kukula-Koch W, Jarzab A, et al. (2020). Advances in chemistry and bioactivity of magnoflorine and magnoflorine-containing extracts — review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32079131/
3. de la Peña JB, Lee HL, Yoon SY, et al. (2013). The involvement of magnoflorine in the sedative and anxiolytic effects of Sinomeni Caulis et Rhizoma in mice — animal in vivo. Journal of Natural Medicines. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23456265/
4. Zhong L, Qin Y, Liu M, et al. (2023). Magnoflorine improves cognitive deficits and pathology of Alzheimer’s disease via inhibiting the JNK signalling pathway — animal in vivo. Phytomedicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36812746/
5. Liang H, Chang X, Xia R, et al. (2022). Magnoflorine attenuates cerebral-ischemia-induced neuronal injury via the autophagy/Sirt1/AMPK signalling pathway — animal in vivo. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36124014/
6. Wang L, Li P, Zhou Y, et al. (2023). Magnoflorine ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis by suppressing the inflammation response via the NF-κB/MAPK signalling pathways — animal in vivo. Journal of Inflammation Research. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37265745/
7. Guo S, Jiang K, Wu H, et al. (2018). Magnoflorine ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via suppressing NF-κB and MAPK activation — animal in vivo. Frontiers in Pharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30214410/
8. Haque MA, Jantan I, Harikrishnan H, et al. (2018). Magnoflorine enhances LPS-activated pro-inflammatory responses via MyD88-dependent pathways in U937 macrophages — in vitro. Planta Medica. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29906814/
9. Yadav A, Singh A, Phogat J, et al. (2021). Magnoflorine prevents skeletal-muscle atrophy via the Akt/mTOR/FoxO signal pathway and increases slow-MyHC production in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats — animal in vivo. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33141056/
10. Wang FX, Zhu N, Zhou F, et al. (2021). Natural aporphine alkaloids with potential to impact metabolic syndrome — review. Molecules. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34684698/
11. Chang JQ, Wang JG, Li CC, et al. (1964). [Pharmacological studies on magnoflorine, a hypotensive principle from tu qing mu xiang] — animal in vivo. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14125837/
12. Bao S, Geng P, Wang S, et al. (2015). Pharmacokinetics in rats and tissue distribution in mouse of magnoflorine by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry — animal. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26884929/
13. Okon E, Kukula-Koch W, Halasa M, et al. (2020). Magnoflorine — isolation and the anticancer potential against NCI-H1299 lung, MDA-MB-468 breast, T98G glioma and TE671 rhabdomyosarcoma cancer cells — in vitro. Biomolecules. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33182753/
14. Ikezawa N, Iwasa K, Sato F (2008). Molecular cloning and characterization of CYP80G2, a cytochrome P450 that catalyzes an intramolecular C–C phenol coupling of (S)-reticuline in magnoflorine biosynthesis, from cultured Coptis japonica cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18230623/
15. Tian X, Guo S, He K, et al. (2018). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of chemical constituents of Ptychopetalum olacoides Benth. Natural Product Research. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28750557/
16. Küpeli E, Koşar M, Yeşilada E, et al. (2002). A comparative study on the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic effects of isoquinoline alkaloids from the roots of Turkish Berberis species — animal in vivo. Life Sciences. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12467905/
17. Bashir DJ, Manzoor S, Sarfaraj M, et al. (2023). Magnoflorine-loaded chitosan collagen nanocapsules ameliorate cognitive deficit in scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s-disease-like conditions in a rat model — animal in vivo. ACS Omega. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36687096/
18. Szalak R, Komar M, Kowalczuk-Vasilev E, et al. (2024). Can magnoflorine improve memory? Immunohistochemical studies on parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons and fibres of the mouse hippocampus — animal in vivo. Nutrients. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39796570/

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