5-MeO-DMT

5-MeO-DMT at a Glance

5-MeO-DMT, or 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a naturally occurring psychedelic tryptamine. It is best known from two sources: the milky secretion of the Sonoran Desert (Colorado River) toad, Incilius alvarius, and several South American plants — Anadenanthera (yopo/vilca) and Virola — used to make ritual snuffs and brews.

Chemically it is the 5-methoxy relative of N,N-DMT and the O-methyl relative of bufotenin (5-HO-DMT). That single methoxy group matters: unlike N,N-DMT, 5-MeO-DMT is a potent agonist at the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor as well as the 5-HT2A receptor that classic psychedelics act on, and it has the highest affinity for 5-HT1A ^{1Reference 1Reckweg JT et al. · 2022ReviewThe clinical pharmacology and potential therapeutic applications of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT)View study →}. The result is an unusually intense but brief altered state — typically a matter of minutes when the vapour is inhaled — that differs qualitatively from longer psychedelics.

Human research is early and thin. Observational and survey work links a single exposure to rapid, sustained drops in self-reported depression, anxiety and stress ^{1,5,6Reference 1Reckweg JT et al. · 2022ReviewThe clinical pharmacology and potential therapeutic applications of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT)View study →Reference 5Uthaug MV et al. · 2019A single inhalation of vapor from dried toad secretion containing 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in a naturalistic setting is related to sustained enhancement of satisfaction with life, mindfulness-related capacities, and a decrement of psychopathological symptomsView study →Reference 6Davis AK et al. · 2018ObservationalThe epidemiology of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) use: Benefits, consequences, patterns of use, subjective effects, and reasons for consumptionView study →}, and two Phase 1 safety trials of purified formulations have now been published ^{3,4Reference 3Reckweg J et al. · 2021Clinical trialA Phase 1, dose-ranging study to assess safety and psychoactive effects of a vaporized 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine formulation (GH001) in healthy volunteersView study →Reference 4Rucker JJ et al. · 2024RCTPhase 1, placebo-controlled, single ascending dose trial to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics and effect on altered states of consciousness of intranasal BPL-003 (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine benzoate) in healthy participantsView study →} — but no completed efficacy trial yet exists, and the compound carries serious, honestly documented hazards (below). It is a Schedule I substance in the United States. This page is an educational phytochemistry reference, not a how-to.

5-MeO-DMT vs. N,N-DMT & Bufotenin

Three closely related tryptamines are constantly confused; the differences are the point of this molecule.

• N,N-DMT — the tryptamine of ayahuasca, hydroxyl-free at the 5-position. It is chiefly a 5-HT2A agonist.
• 5-MeO-DMT — adds a methoxy (–OCH₃) group at the 5-position. This makes it more potent by weight, shorter-acting, and — crucially — a strong 5-HT1A agonist on top of its 5-HT2A activity, with 5-HT1A affinity actually exceeding 5-HT2A ^{1Reference 1Reckweg JT et al. · 2022ReviewThe clinical pharmacology and potential therapeutic applications of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT)View study →}. The subjective experience is described less as visionary and more as an overwhelming, often “content-less” wave of ego dissolution.
• Bufotenin (5-HO-DMT) — the hydroxyl version. It is 5-MeO-DMT’s active human metabolite: the polymorphic liver enzyme CYP2D6 O-demethylates 5-MeO-DMT into bufotenin ^{2Reference 2Shen HW et al. · 2010ReviewPsychedelic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: metabolism, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and pharmacological actionsView study →}.

So 5-MeO-DMT sits chemically between N,N-DMT (no 5-substituent) and bufotenin (5-hydroxyl), and metabolically it becomes bufotenin in the body.

What It's Used For

The human evidence base is small and skewed toward safety and dose-finding rather than proven efficacy. What exists points at rapid, short-lived psychoactivity and a signal — mostly observational — for single-dose antidepressant/anxiolytic effects.

Evidence by IndicationStrength of support · Beta

Support is an experimental score — weighted by study type (human > animal > in vitro) and volume. A beta, not a validated metric. Note that the best-evidenced row here is human safety/dose-finding, not proven therapeutic benefit.

01Psychoactivity, Safety & Dose-Finding (Human)Promising55%Two published Phase 1 trials + characterised receptor pharmacology ^{1,3,4Reference 1Reckweg JT et al. · 2022ReviewThe clinical pharmacology and potential therapeutic applications of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT)View study →Reference 3Reckweg J et al. · 2021Clinical trialA Phase 1, dose-ranging study to assess safety and psychoactive effects of a vaporized 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine formulation (GH001) in healthy volunteersView study →Reference 4Rucker JJ et al. · 2024RCTPhase 1, placebo-controlled, single ascending dose trial to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics and effect on altered states of consciousness of intranasal BPL-003 (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine benzoate) in healthy participantsView study →}

02Depression, Anxiety & Stress (Single-Dose)Shaky38%Surveys + naturalistic pre-/post cohorts; efficacy RCTs still ongoing ^{1,5,6,7Reference 1Reckweg JT et al. · 2022ReviewThe clinical pharmacology and potential therapeutic applications of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT)View study →Reference 5Uthaug MV et al. · 2019A single inhalation of vapor from dried toad secretion containing 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in a naturalistic setting is related to sustained enhancement of satisfaction with life, mindfulness-related capacities, and a decrement of psychopathological symptomsView study →Reference 6Davis AK et al. · 2018ObservationalThe epidemiology of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) use: Benefits, consequences, patterns of use, subjective effects, and reasons for consumptionView study →Reference 7Davis AK et al. · 2019Davis AK, So S, Lancelotta R, Barsuglia JP, Griffiths RR (2019). 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) used in a naturalistic group setting is associated with unintended improvements in depression and anxiety. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30822141/View study →}

03Neuroendocrine & Anti-Inflammatory SignallingShaky22%Preclinical / review-level mechanistic proposals ^{1Reference 1Reckweg JT et al. · 2022ReviewThe clinical pharmacology and potential therapeutic applications of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT)View study →}

Mechanisms

The load-bearing point is the 5-HT1A agonism: it is why 5-MeO-DMT behaves differently from the mainly-5-HT2A N,N-DMT, and it drives the autonomic profile. Animal work dissociates the two receptors’ contributions — 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 activation shape distinct components of 5-MeO-DMT’s effects on locomotion and prepulse inhibition ^{11Reference 11Krebs-Thomson K et al. · 2006The roles of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors in the effects of 5-MeO-DMT on locomotor activity and prepulse inhibitionView study →}.

Pharmacokinetics

5-MeO-DMT is defined by speed. Vaporised, effects begin within seconds and typically resolve inside ~15–30 minutes; the intranasal benzoate formulation reaches peak plasma concentration in roughly 8–10 minutes with a terminal half-life under 27 minutes ^{4Reference 4Rucker JJ et al. · 2024RCTPhase 1, placebo-controlled, single ascending dose trial to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics and effect on altered states of consciousness of intranasal BPL-003 (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine benzoate) in healthy participantsView study →}. Elimination runs through two competing routes: the main pathway is oxidative deamination by monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which inactivates the drug, while CYP2D6 O-demethylates a fraction into the active metabolite bufotenin ^{2Reference 2Shen HW et al. · 2010ReviewPsychedelic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: metabolism, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and pharmacological actionsView study →}. Because CYP2D6 is genetically polymorphic, metabolism and active-metabolite formation vary between individuals ^{2Reference 2Shen HW et al. · 2010ReviewPsychedelic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: metabolism, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and pharmacological actionsView study →}. In mice, exposure is non-linear (disproportionate rises at higher doses) ^{12Reference 12Jiang XL et al. · 2011AnimalNonlinear pharmacokinetics of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in miceView study →}.

The MAO-A route is the crux of the interaction risk: co-administering an MAO-A inhibitor such as harmaline blocks deamination, prolonging and amplifying exposure to both 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin — the pharmacological basis of “hyperserotonergic” toxicity ^{2,13Reference 2Shen HW et al. · 2010ReviewPsychedelic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: metabolism, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and pharmacological actionsView study →Reference 13Jiang XL et al. · 2013Pharmacokinetic interactions between monoamine oxidase A inhibitor harmaline and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and the impact of CYP2D6 statusView study →}. This is also why swallowing 5-MeO-DMT alone is largely inactive: gut/liver MAO destroys it before it acts, unless an MAOI is present (as in the plant brews).

Clinical Trials

Human trials are early-phase and sponsor-driven. Two Phase 1 safety/dose-finding studies of purified formulations are published ^{3,4Reference 3Reckweg J et al. · 2021Clinical trialA Phase 1, dose-ranging study to assess safety and psychoactive effects of a vaporized 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine formulation (GH001) in healthy volunteersView study →Reference 4Rucker JJ et al. · 2024RCTPhase 1, placebo-controlled, single ascending dose trial to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics and effect on altered states of consciousness of intranasal BPL-003 (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine benzoate) in healthy participantsView study →}; Phase 2 efficacy trials in treatment-resistant depression are ongoing but not yet reported as completed.

Last checked: July 2026.

Isolate vs. Plant Studies

The evidence divides cleanly by what was actually given. The clinical trials use the synthetic isolate in defined single doses — a genuine strength for interpreting dose and safety ^{3,4Reference 3Reckweg J et al. · 2021Clinical trialA Phase 1, dose-ranging study to assess safety and psychoactive effects of a vaporized 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine formulation (GH001) in healthy volunteersView study →Reference 4Rucker JJ et al. · 2024RCTPhase 1, placebo-controlled, single ascending dose trial to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics and effect on altered states of consciousness of intranasal BPL-003 (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine benzoate) in healthy participantsView study →}. The antidepressant/anxiolytic survey and naturalistic data, by contrast, overwhelmingly involve whole dried toad secretion — a mixture in which 5-MeO-DMT dominates but bufotenin and other tryptamines are also present ^{5,10Reference 5Uthaug MV et al. · 2019A single inhalation of vapor from dried toad secretion containing 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in a naturalistic setting is related to sustained enhancement of satisfaction with life, mindfulness-related capacities, and a decrement of psychopathological symptomsView study →Reference 10Schwelm HM et al. · 2022Qualitative and quantitative analysis of tryptamines in the poison of Incilius alvarius (Amphibia: Bufonidae)View study →} — used in uncontrolled settings. The plant preparations (yopo/vilca snuffs, and orally-active brews) are more complex still, combining 5-MeO-DMT and N,N-DMT with bufotenin and, in the brews, harmala β-carbolines (harmine, harmaline) that inhibit MAO and change both the pharmacokinetics and the risk profile ^{2,9Reference 2Shen HW et al. · 2010ReviewPsychedelic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: metabolism, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and pharmacological actionsView study →Reference 9Sklerov J et al. · 2005Case reportA fatal intoxication following the ingestion of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in an ayahuasca preparationView study →}. Reading the whole-mixture results as if they were clean isolate data is a mistake — and, in the case of the MAOI brews, a dangerous one.

Prevalence in Nature

5-MeO-DMT occurs across a scattered but well-known set of plants and one famous amphibian.

The richest single source by far is the Sonoran Desert / Colorado River toad, Incilius alvarius (formerly Bufo alvarius). A validated forensic analysis of the dried parotoid secretion found 5-MeO-DMT as the dominant tryptamine at a mean of ~410,000 µg/g — roughly 41% by dry weight — alongside much smaller amounts of bufotenin (~2,800 µg/g), N,N-DMT and related indoles ^{10Reference 10Schwelm HM et al. · 2022Qualitative and quantitative analysis of tryptamines in the poison of Incilius alvarius (Amphibia: Bufonidae)View study →}. No plant approaches this concentration.

Among plants, 5-MeO-DMT is a constituent of Anadenanthera peregrina (yopo) and A. colubrina (vilca/cebíl) — the seeds long used to prepare psychoactive snuffs — and of Virola tree resins used similarly in the Amazon. In Anadenanthera, bufotenin is usually the major alkaloid and 5-MeO-DMT a variable minor-to-moderate component; reported levels swing widely by species, population and plant part. It is also listed from bay bean (Canavalia maritima) and maconha brava (Zornia latifolia), and — like several simple tryptamines — has been reported as a trace endogenous compound in mammalian tissue, though the significance of that is unsettled.

One Myristicaceae name attached to this molecule is a negative result rather than a source. Osteophloeum platyspermum, a relative of Virola named in earlier ethnobotanical reports, was analysed in the quantitative survey of orally active Myristicaceous hallucinogens, which found its only indolic base to be N-methyl-tryptophan methyl ester — not a tryptamine — and detected no β-carbolines in any of the 27 bark and leaf samples it examined. Those raw bark and leaf samples carried 0.04–0.25 mg/g dry weight of total alkaloids, against 15–20 mg/g in the prepared Virola drug samples analysed alongside them, which is the difference preparation makes ^{14Reference 14McKenna DJ et al. · 1984Monoamine oxidase inhibitors in South American hallucinogenic plants Part 2: constituents of orally-active Myristicaceous hallucinogensView study →}.

Major Natural Sources

Source	Part	5-MeO-DMT level	Note
Sonoran Desert toad (Incilius alvarius)	dried parotoid secretion	~41% dry wt 10Reference 10Schwelm HM et al. · 2022Qualitative and quantitative analysis of tryptamines in the poison of Incilius alvarius (Amphibia: Bufonidae)View study →	the dominant tryptamine; the only quantified rich source
Yopo (Anadenanthera peregrina)	seeds	variable, minor–moderate	bufotenin usually predominates; snuff source
Vilca (Anadenanthera colubrina)	seeds	variable	snuff source
Virola (Virola spp.)	bark resin	variable	Amazonian snuff/paste source

Plant concentrations are genuinely variable and, for most species, not cleanly quantified in indexed literature — see the gaps note.

Discovery & Synthesis

5-MeO-DMT was first synthesised in 1936 by the Japanese chemists Toshio Hoshino and Kenya Shimodaira, well before its natural occurrence was known. It was subsequently identified in Anadenanthera snuff plants during the 1950s, and its presence in the secretion of the Sonoran Desert toad Incilius (Bufo) alvarius was characterised in the 1960s by pharmacologists studying amphibian skin amines. The name captures the chemistry: it is bufotenin with the 5-hydroxyl methylated (O-methylbufotenin), and N,N-DMT with a methoxy added at the 5-position.

Material used in research today is synthetic: 5-MeO-DMT is straightforward to prepare from 5-methoxyindole precursors, and the formulations in clinical trials (GH001 vaporate, BPL-003 benzoate salt) are purpose-manufactured pharmaceutical isolates ^{3,4Reference 3Reckweg J et al. · 2021Clinical trialA Phase 1, dose-ranging study to assess safety and psychoactive effects of a vaporized 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine formulation (GH001) in healthy volunteersView study →Reference 4Rucker JJ et al. · 2024RCTPhase 1, placebo-controlled, single ascending dose trial to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics and effect on altered states of consciousness of intranasal BPL-003 (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine benzoate) in healthy participantsView study →} rather than plant or toad extracts — a shift that also relieves the conservation pressure that toad-harvesting places on a desert species.

Patents: not yet researched.

Toxicity & Safety

5-MeO-DMT carries the psychedelic flag: it is a potent, mind-altering drug with no food-grade or self-administration use, and its real-world hazards are serious and documented.

Safety at a Glance

🍄 Psychedelic

• Serotonin toxicity with MAOIs / SSRIs. Combining 5-MeO-DMT with harmala β-carbolines (ayahuasca-type brews) or serotonergic medicines can cause life-threatening serotonin syndrome — a documented cause of death.
• Overwhelming, uncontrollable experience. Rapid, extreme ego dissolution with loss of physical control, disorientation and, in some, acute fear or panic; physical injury and aspiration are real risks.
• Cardiovascular & psychiatric vulnerability. Serotonergic cardiovascular stimulation, and a well-recognised caution for anyone with a personal or family history of psychosis, mania or bipolar disorder.
• Legality & conservation. Schedule I in the US (illegal to possess/use); harvesting toad secretion also raises animal-welfare and conservation concerns for Incilius alvarius.

Full Safety & Interactions Detail

Serotonin toxicity — the defining danger. 5-MeO-DMT is normally inactivated by MAO-A; anything that inhibits MAO (the harmala alkaloids harmine and harmaline in ayahuasca-style brews, or pharmaceutical MAOIs) removes that brake, sharply increasing and prolonging exposure to both 5-MeO-DMT and its active metabolite bufotenin, and can precipitate hyperserotonergic / serotonin-syndrome toxicity ^{2Reference 2Shen HW et al. · 2010ReviewPsychedelic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: metabolism, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and pharmacological actionsView study →}. This is not theoretical: a fatal intoxication was reported in a 25-year-old man found dead after consuming an ayahuasca-type preparation, with post-mortem blood containing 5-MeO-DMT (1.88 mg/L) together with harmaline, harmine and tetrahydroharmine; the medical examiner ruled death from hallucinogenic-amine intoxication ^{9Reference 9Sklerov J et al. · 2005Case reportA fatal intoxication following the ingestion of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in an ayahuasca preparationView study →}. SSRIs, SNRIs and other serotonergic drugs raise the same concern.

The acute experience. Onset is near-immediate when vaporised and the state is extremely intense; reported adverse features include profound disorientation, loss of motor control, nausea/vomiting, and acute anxiety or panic — with attendant risks of physical injury or aspiration if unsupervised. In the controlled Phase 1 trials the isolate was generally well tolerated at studied doses, with mostly mild adverse events and no serious events reported up to 12–18 mg ^{3,4Reference 3Reckweg J et al. · 2021Clinical trialA Phase 1, dose-ranging study to assess safety and psychoactive effects of a vaporized 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine formulation (GH001) in healthy volunteersView study →Reference 4Rucker JJ et al. · 2024RCTPhase 1, placebo-controlled, single ascending dose trial to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics and effect on altered states of consciousness of intranasal BPL-003 (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine benzoate) in healthy participantsView study →}; a systematic review and meta-analysis of adverse events across classic psychedelics found serious adverse events essentially absent in healthy volunteers but occurring (~4%) in participants with pre-existing neuropsychiatric disorders ^{8Reference 8Hinkle JT et al. · 2024Meta-analysisAdverse events in studies of classic psychedelics: a systematic review and meta-analysisView study →} — underscoring that risk is population-dependent and that supervised trial conditions do not describe uncontrolled use.

Cardiovascular and psychiatric cautions. As a serotonergic agonist it can produce cardiovascular stimulation; it is generally regarded as contraindicated for people with a personal or family history of psychosis, schizophrenia or bipolar/mania.

Reproductive note (prose only). No dedicated reproductive- or developmental-toxicity dataset exists for isolated 5-MeO-DMT. Pregnancy/lactation decisions are not made at the level of this molecule page. No comprehensive isolate genotoxicity or repeat-dose toxicology package is characterised here beyond the acute pharmacology above.

Legal status. 5-MeO-DMT is a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States and is controlled in many other jurisdictions.

Dosage

There is no safe self-administered dose of 5-MeO-DMT, and nothing here is a recommendation. For reference only, published supervised research has used single vaporised doses of roughly 2–18 mg (GH001) ^{3Reference 3Reckweg J et al. · 2021Clinical trialA Phase 1, dose-ranging study to assess safety and psychoactive effects of a vaporized 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine formulation (GH001) in healthy volunteersView study →} and intranasal doses of 1–12 mg (BPL-003 benzoate salt) ^{4Reference 4Rucker JJ et al. · 2024RCTPhase 1, placebo-controlled, single ascending dose trial to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics and effect on altered states of consciousness of intranasal BPL-003 (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine benzoate) in healthy participantsView study →}, typically with individualised escalation to reach a “peak” experience. Doses of the crude toad secretion used in naturalistic settings are far less precise because the material’s 5-MeO-DMT content varies. The MAOI-containing plant brews change the effective exposure entirely — and unpredictably — which is central to their danger. These are figures from research and forensic literature, not a personal recommendation.

References

1. Reckweg JT, Uthaug MV, Szabo A, Davis AK, Lancelotta R, Mason NL, Ramaekers JG (2022). The clinical pharmacology and potential therapeutic applications of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT). Journal of Neurochemistry. [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35149998/
2. Shen HW, Jiang XL, Winter JC, Yu AM (2010). Psychedelic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: metabolism, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and pharmacological actions. Current Drug Metabolism. [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20942780/
3. Reckweg J, Mason NL, van Leeuwen C, Toennes SW, Terwey TH, Ramaekers JG (2021). A Phase 1, dose-ranging study to assess safety and psychoactive effects of a vaporized 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine formulation (GH001) in healthy volunteers. Frontiers in Pharmacology. [Clinical trial]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34912222/
4. Rucker JJ, Roberts C, Seynaeve M, Young AH, Suttle B, Yamamoto T, Ermakova AO, Dunbar F, Wiegand F (2024). Phase 1, placebo-controlled, single ascending dose trial to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics and effect on altered states of consciousness of intranasal BPL-003 (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine benzoate) in healthy participants. Journal of Psychopharmacology. [Clinical trial]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38616411/
5. Uthaug MV, Lancelotta R, van Oorsouw K, Kuypers KPC, Mason N, Rak J, Šuláková A, Jurok R, Maryška M, Kuchař M, Páleníček T, Riba J, Ramaekers JG (2019). A single inhalation of vapor from dried toad secretion containing 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in a naturalistic setting is related to sustained enhancement of satisfaction with life, mindfulness-related capacities, and a decrement of psychopathological symptoms. Psychopharmacology (Berl). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30982127/
6. Davis AK, Barsuglia JP, Lancelotta R, Grant RM, Renn E (2018). The epidemiology of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) use: Benefits, consequences, patterns of use, subjective effects, and reasons for consumption. Journal of Psychopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29708042/
7. Davis AK, So S, Lancelotta R, Barsuglia JP, Griffiths RR (2019). 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) used in a naturalistic group setting is associated with unintended improvements in depression and anxiety. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30822141/
8. Hinkle JT, Graziosi M, Nayak SM, Yaden DB (2024). Adverse events in studies of classic psychedelics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39230883/
9. Sklerov J, Levine B, Moore KA, King T, Fowler D (2005). A fatal intoxication following the ingestion of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in an ayahuasca preparation. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. [Case report]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16356341/
10. Schwelm HM, Zimmermann N, Scholl T, Penner J, Autret A, Auwärter V, Neukamm MA (2022). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of tryptamines in the poison of Incilius alvarius (Amphibia: Bufonidae). Journal of Analytical Toxicology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33851996/
11. Krebs-Thomson K, Ruiz EM, Masten V, et al. (2006). The roles of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors in the effects of 5-MeO-DMT on locomotor activity and prepulse inhibition. Psychopharmacology (Berl). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17013638/
12. Jiang XL, Shen HW, Yu AM (2011). Nonlinear pharmacokinetics of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in mice. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21464174/
13. Jiang XL, Shen HW, Yu AM (2013). Pharmacokinetic interactions between monoamine oxidase A inhibitor harmaline and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and the impact of CYP2D6 status. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23393220/
14. McKenna DJ, Towers GH, Abbott FS (1984). Monoamine oxidase inhibitors in South American hallucinogenic plants Part 2: constituents of orally-active Myristicaceous hallucinogens. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6521493/

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