Baicalin

Baicalin at a Glance

Baicalin is a flavone glucuronide — the 7-O-glucuronide of the aglycone baicalein — and the single most abundant flavonoid in the root of Chinese skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis, Huang Qin). It is also the major flavone glycoside of American skullcap (S. lateriflora), and it is the compound most extracts of either herb are standardised to. In practice it behaves as a prodrug: the attached sugar makes intact baicalin too polar to cross the gut wall well, so its oral activity depends on gut bacteria cleaving that sugar back off ^{13,14Reference 13Huang et al. · 2019ReviewPharmacokinetics and bioavailability enhancement of baicalin — reviewView study →Reference 14Noh et al. · 2016ReviewRole of intestinal microbiota in baicalin-induced drug interaction and its pharmacokinetics — reviewView study →}.

The isolated molecule has a broad, mechanistically coherent preclinical profile — anti-inflammatory through NF-κB and COX-2 suppression, hepatoprotective across several liver-injury models, and antiviral in vitro — and one genuinely human data point: a small placebo-controlled trial in which oral baicalin lowered blood lipids and inflammatory markers ^{1,2,4Reference 1Lee et al. · 2015In vitroAnti-inflammatory effects of baicalin, baicalein and wogonin in vitro and in vivo — in vitro and animal studyView study →Reference 2Hang et al. · 2018RCTBaicalin reduces blood lipids and inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease and rheumatoid arthritis — randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialView study →Reference 4Fang et al. · 2022Baicalin confers hepatoprotective effect against alcohol-associated liver disease by upregulating microRNA-205 — animal studyView study →}. The honest headline is that almost all of the mechanism work is in vitro or in rodents, on the isolate or on whole skullcap extract, with a single controlled human efficacy trial to anchor it ^{2Reference 2Hang et al. · 2018RCTBaicalin reduces blood lipids and inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease and rheumatoid arthritis — randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialView study →}.

Its most practically important property may not be an effect at all but an interaction: baicalin inhibits the drug-metabolising enzyme CYP3A and the liver-uptake transporter OATP1B1, so it can alter the levels of co-administered medicines ^{18,19Reference 18Cheng et al. · 2014AnimalContribution of baicalin to plasma protein binding displacement and CYP3A inhibition in the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine in rats — animal studyView study →Reference 19Fan et al. · 2008Clinical trialThe effect of herbal medicine baicalin on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin, a substrate of OATP1B1 — human studyView study →}.

The Baicalin–Baicalein Bioavailability Problem

The defining fact about baicalin is that the molecule you swallow is largely not the molecule that acts. Baicalin is a glucuronide — baicalein with a glucuronic-acid sugar bolted onto its 7-position — and that sugar makes it hydrophilic and poorly permeable, giving intact baicalin a very low oral bioavailability (commonly reported in the low single-digit percent range) ^{13Reference 13Huang et al. · 2019ReviewPharmacokinetics and bioavailability enhancement of baicalin — reviewView study →}.

What rescues its activity is the gut microbiome. Orally administered baicalin is hydrolysed in the intestine by bacterial β-glucuronidase (from E. coli and other commensals), which strips the glucuronide to release the lipophilic aglycone baicalein — and it is baicalein, not baicalin, that is efficiently absorbed across the intestinal wall ^{14,15Reference 14Noh et al. · 2016ReviewRole of intestinal microbiota in baicalin-induced drug interaction and its pharmacokinetics — reviewView study →Reference 15Kang et al. · 2014Role of metabolism by intestinal microbiota in pharmacokinetics of oral baicalin — animal studyView study →}. Once inside, most of that baicalein is promptly re-glucuronidated by host UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in the enterocyte and liver, regenerating baicalin (and baicalein-6-O-glucuronide) in the circulation ^{13Reference 13Huang et al. · 2019ReviewPharmacokinetics and bioavailability enhancement of baicalin — reviewView study →}. The molecule therefore shuttles back and forth between glycoside and aglycone, and the plasma “baicalin” measured after an oral dose is partly reconstituted rather than directly absorbed.

Two consequences follow, and they govern everything else about baicalin:

• The gut flora are part of the pharmacology. Antibiotic-pretreated rats, whose intestinal bacteria are suppressed, show markedly altered baicalin pharmacokinetics — changed Cmax, half-life and AUC — because the deglucuronidation step is impaired ^{15,16Reference 15Kang et al. · 2014Role of metabolism by intestinal microbiota in pharmacokinetics of oral baicalin — animal studyView study →Reference 16Xing et al. · 2017Effects of intestinal microecology on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of oral wogonoside and baicalin — animal studyView study →}. Inter-individual differences in microbiome composition are a plausible source of the variable response seen with skullcap products.
• Enterohepatic recycling stretches out exposure. Glucuronidated baicalin excreted in bile is re-hydrolysed by gut bacteria and re-absorbed, producing enterohepatic recirculation and the double-peak plasma profiles typical of this compound ^{13Reference 13Huang et al. · 2019ReviewPharmacokinetics and bioavailability enhancement of baicalin — reviewView study →}.

The take-home is that in-vitro potency figures for baicalin should be read against this poor, microbiome-dependent, recycling-heavy delivery — a strong effect in a dish does not guarantee a meaningful concentration in a person.

What It's Used For

Baicalin’s preclinical signal is real and reasonably consistent, but the compound-page discipline is the load-bearing caveat: the great majority is in-vitro or rodent work, on the isolate or on whole skullcap extract, with a single small controlled human efficacy trial ^{2Reference 2Hang et al. · 2018RCTBaicalin reduces blood lipids and inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease and rheumatoid arthritis — randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialView study →}.

Evidence by IndicationStrength of support · Beta

Support is an experimental score — weighted by study type (human > animal > in vitro) and volume. A beta, not a validated metric. Only the anti-inflammatory row has any controlled human efficacy data; the rest are preclinical, so read the per-row basis.

01Anti-Inflammatory ActivityPromising55%NF-κB/COX-2 mechanism across in-vitro + animal models, plus one small human RCT ^{1,2,3,4Reference 1Lee et al. · 2015In vitroAnti-inflammatory effects of baicalin, baicalein and wogonin in vitro and in vivo — in vitro and animal studyView study →Reference 2Hang et al. · 2018RCTBaicalin reduces blood lipids and inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease and rheumatoid arthritis — randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialView study →Reference 3An et al. · 2022In vitroBaicalin modulates the inflammatory response of macrophages activated by LPS via the calcium-CHOP pathway — in vitro studyView study →Reference 4Fang et al. · 2022Baicalin confers hepatoprotective effect against alcohol-associated liver disease by upregulating microRNA-205 — animal studyView study →}

02Hepatoprotective and Metabolic EffectsShaky44%Multiple rodent liver-injury + metabolic models; reviews ^{4,5,6,7Reference 4Fang et al. · 2022Baicalin confers hepatoprotective effect against alcohol-associated liver disease by upregulating microRNA-205 — animal studyView study →Reference 5Yang et al. · 2021ReviewPharmacological properties of baicalin on liver diseases — narrative reviewView study →Reference 6Fang et al. · 2020Systematic reviewBaicalin and its aglycone: a novel approach for the treatment of metabolic disorders — systematic reviewView study →Reference 7Dai et al. · 2018Chemoproteomics reveals baicalin activates hepatic CPT1 to ameliorate diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis — animal studyView study →}

03Antiviral ActivityShaky34%In-vitro/mouse against HIV-1, HBV, RSV ^{8,9,10Reference 8Li et al. · 2000In vitroFlavonoid baicalin inhibits HIV-1 infection at the level of viral entry — in vitro studyView study →Reference 9Fan et al. · 2023In vitroBaicalin inhibits the replication of the hepatitis B virus by targeting TRIM25 — in vitro studyView study →Reference 10Qin et al. · 2022In vitroBaicalin induces a potent innate immune response to inhibit respiratory syncytial virus replication — in vitro and mouse studyView study →}

04Neuroactive and Anxiolytic SignalsShaky30%GABA-A benzodiazepine-site binding in vitro + rodent depression meta-analysis ^{11,12Reference 11Awad et al. · 2003In vitroPhytochemical and biological analysis of skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora L.): a medicinal plant with anxiolytic properties — in vitro studyView study →Reference 12Wang et al. · 2024Meta-analysisThe effects of baicalin in depression: preclinical evidence construction based on meta-analysis of animal studies — systematic review and meta-analysisView study →}

Mechanisms

The two rows that matter most in a real person are the bottom two: baicalin’s clearest human-relevant pharmacology is its effect on how other drugs are handled.

Clinical Trials

Human efficacy evidence for isolated baicalin is essentially a single small randomised controlled trial — 500 mg/day for 12 weeks improving lipids and inflammatory markers in comorbid cardiovascular/rheumatoid patients ^{2Reference 2Hang et al. · 2018RCTBaicalin reduces blood lipids and inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease and rheumatoid arthritis — randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialView study →}. (The much larger clinical programme in this chemical family belongs to the aglycone, baicalein, which has completed Phase I safety/PK studies as an oral tablet — a different molecule on a different page.) Everything else for baicalin is preclinical.

Last checked: July 2026.

Pharmacokinetics

Baicalin’s pharmacokinetics are dominated by the glycoside/aglycone shuttle described above. Intact baicalin is hydrophilic and poorly permeable, giving low oral bioavailability; efficient absorption requires gut-bacterial β-glucuronidase to convert it to the lipophilic aglycone baicalein, which is then largely re-glucuronidated by host UGTs back to circulating baicalin ^{13,14Reference 13Huang et al. · 2019ReviewPharmacokinetics and bioavailability enhancement of baicalin — reviewView study →Reference 14Noh et al. · 2016ReviewRole of intestinal microbiota in baicalin-induced drug interaction and its pharmacokinetics — reviewView study →}. The compound undergoes enterohepatic recirculation — biliary glucuronides re-hydrolysed and re-absorbed — producing prolonged, often double-peaked plasma profiles ^{13Reference 13Huang et al. · 2019ReviewPharmacokinetics and bioavailability enhancement of baicalin — reviewView study →}. In humans, baicalin is extensively plasma-protein bound (~86–92%), is heavily metabolised, and has a relatively short elimination half-life (reported around 6 h, with wide inter-individual variability) ^{17Reference 17Liu et al. · 2019A single dose of baicalin has no clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine A in healthy Chinese volunteers — human pharmacokinetic studyView study →}. Because the absorption step is microbiome-mediated, antibiotic disruption of gut flora measurably alters baicalin’s kinetics in animals ^{15,16Reference 15Kang et al. · 2014Role of metabolism by intestinal microbiota in pharmacokinetics of oral baicalin — animal studyView study →Reference 16Xing et al. · 2017Effects of intestinal microecology on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of oral wogonoside and baicalin — animal studyView study →} — a source of variability with few parallels among simpler plant phenolics.

Drug Interactions

The interaction profile is the part of baicalin’s pharmacology with the clearest human relevance, and it names specific enzymes and transporters:

• CYP3A inhibition. Baicalin inhibits cytochrome-P450 3A activity and, in rats, raised exposure to the CYP3A substrate nifedipine both by inhibiting the enzyme and by displacing the drug from plasma proteins ^{18Reference 18Cheng et al. · 2014AnimalContribution of baicalin to plasma protein binding displacement and CYP3A inhibition in the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine in rats — animal studyView study →}. CYP3A handles a large share of clinical drugs, so this is a broad theoretical-interaction flag.
• OATP1B1 inhibition. Baicalin affects the hepatic uptake transporter OATP1B1: in a human study it altered the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin, an OATP1B1 substrate, in a transporter-genotype-dependent way ^{19Reference 19Fan et al. · 2008Clinical trialThe effect of herbal medicine baicalin on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin, a substrate of OATP1B1 — human studyView study →}.
• Mixed and sometimes null effects. The direction is not uniformly “raises drug levels” — a controlled human study found a single dose of baicalin had no clinically significant effect on cyclosporine A pharmacokinetics ^{17Reference 17Liu et al. · 2019A single dose of baicalin has no clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine A in healthy Chinese volunteers — human pharmacokinetic studyView study →} — and a dedicated review catalogues both inhibitory and inductive skullcap-flavonoid effects on P450s and efflux pumps, some of which are synergistic rather than harmful ^{20Reference 20Zhou et al. · 2021ReviewDrug-herb interactions between Scutellaria baicalensis and pharmaceutical drugs — reviewView study →}.

The practical reading: baicalin is not an inert dietary flavonoid where medicines are concerned. Anyone on narrow-therapeutic-index CYP3A or OATP1B1 substrates (many statins, immunosuppressants, some calcium-channel blockers) should treat concentrated skullcap/baicalin products as a possible interactant ^{18,19,20Reference 18Cheng et al. · 2014AnimalContribution of baicalin to plasma protein binding displacement and CYP3A inhibition in the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine in rats — animal studyView study →Reference 19Fan et al. · 2008Clinical trialThe effect of herbal medicine baicalin on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin, a substrate of OATP1B1 — human studyView study →Reference 20Zhou et al. · 2021ReviewDrug-herb interactions between Scutellaria baicalensis and pharmaceutical drugs — reviewView study →}.

Isolate vs. Plant Studies

The evidence base splits about evenly, and the split is informative. The mechanistic and antiviral work is overwhelmingly the isolated molecule — the NF-κB/COX-2, calcium-CHOP, CPT1, GABA-A, HIV/HBV/RSV and transporter studies all test purified baicalin (or baicalein) directly ^{1,3,7,8,9,11,18Reference 1Lee et al. · 2015In vitroAnti-inflammatory effects of baicalin, baicalein and wogonin in vitro and in vivo — in vitro and animal studyView study →Reference 3An et al. · 2022In vitroBaicalin modulates the inflammatory response of macrophages activated by LPS via the calcium-CHOP pathway — in vitro studyView study →Reference 7Dai et al. · 2018Chemoproteomics reveals baicalin activates hepatic CPT1 to ameliorate diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis — animal studyView study →Reference 8Li et al. · 2000In vitroFlavonoid baicalin inhibits HIV-1 infection at the level of viral entry — in vitro studyView study →Reference 9Fan et al. · 2023In vitroBaicalin inhibits the replication of the hepatitis B virus by targeting TRIM25 — in vitro studyView study →Reference 11Awad et al. · 2003In vitroPhytochemical and biological analysis of skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora L.): a medicinal plant with anxiolytic properties — in vitro studyView study →Reference 18Cheng et al. · 2014AnimalContribution of baicalin to plasma protein binding displacement and CYP3A inhibition in the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine in rats — animal studyView study →}. That is a genuine strength: unlike many herbal actives, baicalin’s targets are studied as the pure compound.

The whole-plant thread runs alongside it: baicalin is the standardisation marker for Scutellaria extracts, and much traditional use is of the decoction/extract, where baicalin co-occurs with baicalein, wogonin, wogonoside, oroxylin-a and scutellarein. The single human efficacy trial used isolated baicalin (500 mg/day) rather than an extract ^{2Reference 2Hang et al. · 2018RCTBaicalin reduces blood lipids and inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease and rheumatoid arthritis — randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialView study →} — a point in the isolate’s favour — but it stands almost alone, so the honest posture is: strong isolate mechanism, thin isolate clinical evidence, and a large body of extract-level traditional use that cannot be reduced to this one molecule.

Prevalence in Nature

Baicalin is, for practical purposes, a genus marker for Scutellaria. It is the dominant flavonoid of Chinese skullcap (S. baicalensis) root, where it is the single most abundant constituent, and the major flavone glycoside of American skullcap (S. lateriflora) — but with a striking difference in where the plant puts it: in S. baicalensis the flavones accumulate in the root, whereas in S. lateriflora they concentrate in the leaves and aerial parts, an evolutionary divergence in the flavone-biosynthesis pathway mapped across native Scutellaria species ^{21Reference 21Costine et al. · 2022Exploring native Scutellaria species provides insight into the differential accumulation of flavones with medicinal properties — phytochemical and phylogenetic studyView study →}. It occurs alongside its biosynthetic relatives — baicalein (its aglycone), wogonin, wogonoside, oroxylin A and scutellarein — and is reported more sparingly outside the genus (e.g. in Oroxylum indicum). Reported content is high for a specialised flavonoid: on the order of several-to-low-double-digit percent of dry tissue in the richest sources ^{11,21Reference 11Awad et al. · 2003In vitroPhytochemical and biological analysis of skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora L.): a medicinal plant with anxiolytic properties — in vitro studyView study →Reference 21Costine et al. · 2022Exploring native Scutellaria species provides insight into the differential accumulation of flavones with medicinal properties — phytochemical and phylogenetic studyView study →}.

Major Natural Sources

Source	Plant part	Reported baicalin content
Chinese skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis)	root	~5–12% dry weight (dominant flavonoid)
American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora)	leaf / aerial parts	~4–5% dry weight (≈11.7 mg/g freeze-dried)
Other Scutellaria species	root / aerial	variable; present as a genus-characteristic flavone
Oroxylum indicum	seed / bark	reported minor source

Figures are percentage of dry plant tissue and vary two- to three-fold with species, geographic origin, plant age and post-harvest processing, which is a major driver of product-to-product potency differences ^{21Reference 21Costine et al. · 2022Exploring native Scutellaria species provides insight into the differential accumulation of flavones with medicinal properties — phytochemical and phylogenetic studyView study →}.

Discovery & Synthesis

Baicalin was isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis — the source that gives it its name (from the species epithet baicalensis, after Lake Baikal) — and characterised as the plant’s principal flavone, structurally the 7-O-glucuronide of baicalein. Because it is a naturally abundant glycoside, commercial baicalin is obtained overwhelmingly by extraction and purification from Chinese skullcap root rather than by synthesis: the root’s high native content (often around a tenth of its dry weight) makes isolation the economical route, and baicalin is the assay marker to which standardised extracts are pegged ^{21,23Reference 21Costine et al. · 2022Exploring native Scutellaria species provides insight into the differential accumulation of flavones with medicinal properties — phytochemical and phylogenetic studyView study →Reference 23Qiu et al. · 2025ReviewRecent advances in the therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms of baicalin — reviewView study →}. Baicalein for research/clinical use, in turn, is frequently produced by enzymatic or microbial hydrolysis of extracted baicalin (removing the glucuronide) rather than by total synthesis — the same deglucuronidation the gut performs in vivo, run deliberately in a reactor.

Patents: not yet researched.

Toxicity & Safety

Baicalin carries a low toxicity flag: it is a flavonoid from herbs with a long history of use, it was well tolerated at 500 mg/day for 12 weeks in the one controlled human trial ^{2Reference 2Hang et al. · 2018RCTBaicalin reduces blood lipids and inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease and rheumatoid arthritis — randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialView study →}, and multiple reviews describe minimal cellular toxicity ^{6Reference 6Fang et al. · 2020Systematic reviewBaicalin and its aglycone: a novel approach for the treatment of metabolic disorders — systematic reviewView study →}. The meaningful cautions are about interactions and concentrated exposure, not intrinsic poison.

Safety at a Glance

✅ Low / no toxicity

• Low intrinsic toxicity at studied intakes. Oral baicalin 500 mg/day for 12 weeks was well tolerated in a controlled trial, and reviews report minimal cytotoxicity ^{2,6Reference 2Hang et al. · 2018RCTBaicalin reduces blood lipids and inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease and rheumatoid arthritis — randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialView study →Reference 6Fang et al. · 2020Systematic reviewBaicalin and its aglycone: a novel approach for the treatment of metabolic disorders — systematic reviewView study →}.
• Drug-interaction potential is the real concern. Baicalin inhibits CYP3A and OATP1B1, so concentrated skullcap/baicalin products can alter levels of statins, immunosuppressants, calcium-channel blockers and other substrates ^{18,19,20Reference 18Cheng et al. · 2014AnimalContribution of baicalin to plasma protein binding displacement and CYP3A inhibition in the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine in rats — animal studyView study →Reference 19Fan et al. · 2008Clinical trialThe effect of herbal medicine baicalin on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin, a substrate of OATP1B1 — human studyView study →Reference 20Zhou et al. · 2021ReviewDrug-herb interactions between Scutellaria baicalensis and pharmaceutical drugs — reviewView study →}.
• Additive sedation, in principle. Baicalin binds the GABA-A benzodiazepine site in vitro, so a theoretical additive effect with sedatives/CNS depressants applies to concentrated skullcap products ^{11Reference 11Awad et al. · 2003In vitroPhytochemical and biological analysis of skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora L.): a medicinal plant with anxiolytic properties — in vitro studyView study →}.
• Concentrated extracts ≠ ordinary herbal use, and the microbiome shapes the dose. Standardised high-baicalin products are a different exposure from a mild infusion, and absorption depends on individual gut flora ^{13,15Reference 13Huang et al. · 2019ReviewPharmacokinetics and bioavailability enhancement of baicalin — reviewView study →Reference 15Kang et al. · 2014Role of metabolism by intestinal microbiota in pharmacokinetics of oral baicalin — animal studyView study →}.

A reproductive note, prose-only: a review of Scutellaria baicalensis in pregnancy-related conditions catalogues experimental (not clinical) activity of its root flavonoids, and does not establish safety of isolated baicalin in pregnancy ^{22Reference 22Fang et al. · 2023ReviewEffectiveness of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi root in pregnancy-related diseases — reviewView study →}. Any pregnancy or lactation decision belongs to the herb or product page where intake is decided, not to this molecule page; no isolate-level verdict is issued here.

Dosage

There is no established or recommended dose for isolated baicalin. The one controlled human trial used 500 mg/day orally for 12 weeks ^{2Reference 2Hang et al. · 2018RCTBaicalin reduces blood lipids and inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease and rheumatoid arthritis — randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialView study →}; all other efficacy figures are preclinical rodent or in-vitro doses that do not convert to human self-dosing. In herbal practice, exposure comes from Chinese skullcap root standardised to its baicalin content rather than from the pure compound.

Two framing points specific to this molecule: because intact baicalin is poorly absorbed and must be converted to baicalein by gut bacteria, milligram-for-milligram comparisons across products and to in-vitro potencies are unreliable ^{13,14Reference 13Huang et al. · 2019ReviewPharmacokinetics and bioavailability enhancement of baicalin — reviewView study →Reference 14Noh et al. · 2016ReviewRole of intestinal microbiota in baicalin-induced drug interaction and its pharmacokinetics — reviewView study →}; and the interaction cautions above matter more at these concentrated intakes than at trace dietary levels. These are doses studied in research and are not a personal recommendation.

References

1. Lee, W., et al. (2015). Anti-inflammatory effects of baicalin, baicalein and wogonin in vitro and in vivo — in vitro and animal study. Inflammation. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25249339/
2. Hang, Y., et al. (2018). Baicalin reduces blood lipids and inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease and rheumatoid arthritis — randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lipids in Health and Disease. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29935544/
3. An, H. J., et al. (2022). Baicalin modulates the inflammatory response of macrophages activated by LPS via the calcium-CHOP pathway — in vitro study. Cells. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36231038/
4. Fang, L., et al. (2022). Baicalin confers hepatoprotective effect against alcohol-associated liver disease by upregulating microRNA-205 — animal study. International Immunopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35358777/
5. Yang, J. Y., et al. (2021). Pharmacological properties of baicalin on liver diseases — narrative review. Pharmacological Reports. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33595821/
6. Fang, P., et al. (2020). Baicalin and its aglycone: a novel approach for the treatment of metabolic disorders — systematic review. Pharmacological Reports. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32016847/
7. Dai, J., et al. (2018). Chemoproteomics reveals baicalin activates hepatic CPT1 to ameliorate diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis — animal study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29891721/
8. Li, B. Q., et al. (2000). Flavonoid baicalin inhibits HIV-1 infection at the level of viral entry — in vitro study. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11027509/
9. Fan, X., et al. (2023). Baicalin inhibits the replication of the hepatitis B virus by targeting TRIM25 — in vitro study. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38020548/
10. Qin, S., et al. (2022). Baicalin induces a potent innate immune response to inhibit respiratory syncytial virus replication — in vitro and mouse study. Frontiers in Immunology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35812414/
11. Awad, R., et al. (2003). Phytochemical and biological analysis of skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora L.): a medicinal plant with anxiolytic properties — in vitro study. Phytomedicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14692724/
12. Wang, D., et al. (2024). The effects of baicalin in depression: preclinical evidence construction based on meta-analysis of animal studies — systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Pharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39114351/
13. Huang, T., et al. (2019). Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability enhancement of baicalin — review. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30209794/
14. Noh, K., et al. (2016). Role of intestinal microbiota in baicalin-induced drug interaction and its pharmacokinetics — review. Molecules. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26978333/
15. Kang, M. J., et al. (2014). Role of metabolism by intestinal microbiota in pharmacokinetics of oral baicalin — animal study. Archives of Pharmacal Research. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23771520/
16. Xing, S., et al. (2017). Effects of intestinal microecology on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of oral wogonoside and baicalin — animal study. Natural Product Communications. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30520584/
17. Liu, R., et al. (2019). A single dose of baicalin has no clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine A in healthy Chinese volunteers — human pharmacokinetic study. Frontiers in Pharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31156436/
18. Cheng, Z. Y., et al. (2014). Contribution of baicalin to plasma protein binding displacement and CYP3A inhibition in the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine in rats — animal study. PLoS ONE. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24498050/
19. Fan, L., et al. (2008). The effect of herbal medicine baicalin on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin, a substrate of OATP1B1 — human study. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17851565/
20. Zhou, X., et al. (2021). Drug-herb interactions between Scutellaria baicalensis and pharmaceutical drugs — review. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33711551/
21. Costine, B., et al. (2022). Exploring native Scutellaria species provides insight into the differential accumulation of flavones with medicinal properties — phytochemical and phylogenetic study. Scientific Reports. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35915209/
22. Fang, D. N., et al. (2023). Effectiveness of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi root in pregnancy-related diseases — review. Journal of Integrative Medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36216728/
23. Qiu, X., et al. (2025). Recent advances in the therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms of baicalin — review. Biology (Basel). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40563888/

View all 23 references▾