Umbelliferone

Umbelliferone at a Glance

Umbelliferone, or 7-hydroxycoumarin, is the simplest of the hydroxycoumarins and the biosynthetic parent of the coumarin family — the scaffold from which plants build the more oxygenated coumarins esculetin, scopoletin and fraxetin. It occurs widely but usually as a minor constituent across the carrot family (Apiaceae/Umbelliferae, which gives it its name), the Rutaceae and the Asteraceae ^{1,2Reference 1Mazimba O · 2017ReviewUmbelliferone: Sources, chemistry and bioactivities reviewView study →Reference 2Kornicka A et al. · 2023ReviewUmbelliferone and Its Synthetic Derivatives as Suitable Molecules for the Development of Agents with Biological Activities: A Review of Their Pharmacological and Therapeutic PotentialView study →}.

It is best known for two things: a strong blue fluorescence and ultraviolet absorption that make it a workhorse laboratory fluorophore and a sunscreen-adjacent UV filter ^{1,13Reference 1Mazimba O · 2017ReviewUmbelliferone: Sources, chemistry and bioactivities reviewView study →Reference 13Du L et al. · 2008Rational design of a fluorescent hydrogen peroxide probe based on the umbelliferone fluorophoreView study →}, and a broad antioxidant/anti-inflammatory pharmacology with a notably consistent antidiabetic signal in rodents ^{4,5,6Reference 4Ramesh B · 2005AnimalAntihyperlipidemic and antidiabetic effects of umbelliferone in streptozotocin diabetic ratsView study →Reference 5Ramesh B · 2006AnimalAntihyperglycemic effect of umbelliferone in streptozotocin-diabetic ratsView study →Reference 6Yin J et al. · 2018AnimalUmbelliferone alleviates hepatic injury in diabetic db/db mice via inhibiting inflammatory response and activating Nrf2-mediated antioxidantView study →}. The honest posture is the usual one for a plant coumarin: the biological data are real but almost entirely preclinical — rodent and in-vitro work on the isolated molecule, with no controlled human efficacy trials ^{2Reference 2Kornicka A et al. · 2023ReviewUmbelliferone and Its Synthetic Derivatives as Suitable Molecules for the Development of Agents with Biological Activities: A Review of Their Pharmacological and Therapeutic PotentialView study →}.

One caveat sits above all the others. Umbelliferone is a simple coumarin, not an anticoagulant — it is not dicoumarol and not warfarin, and sharing the word “coumarin” with those drugs is a source of persistent confusion (see below) ^{14Reference 14Lake BG · 1999Coumarin metabolism, toxicity and carcinogenicity: relevance for human risk assessmentView study →}.

Umbelliferone as the Parent Coumarin

Umbelliferone is the structural and biosynthetic hub of the simple (non-furano) coumarins. Its single hydroxyl at the 7-position is the starting point; adding further hydroxyls or methoxyls around the benzene ring gives the rest of the family:

• Esculetin — 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin (a catechol coumarin).
• Scopoletin — 6-methoxy-7-hydroxycoumarin.
• Fraxetin — 7,8-dihydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin.

All of these share the same parent coumarin nucleus (2H-chromen-2-one). Umbelliferone is the least decorated member: a single free phenol on the coumarin core. That simplicity is why it is the natural reference point for the whole class — and why its own pharmacology is often described as the “baseline” coumarin activity that the more oxygenated relatives extend. In the source plants here it typically appears alongside its relatives (in cleavers with scopoletin; in Mexican tarragon with a whole suite of methoxycoumarins), rather than in isolation ^{2Reference 2Kornicka A et al. · 2023ReviewUmbelliferone and Its Synthetic Derivatives as Suitable Molecules for the Development of Agents with Biological Activities: A Review of Their Pharmacological and Therapeutic PotentialView study →}.

A Simple Coumarin, Not an Anticoagulant

The single most common error about this molecule is guilt by association with the anticoagulant “coumarins” — dicoumarol and the drug warfarin. Umbelliferone is neither.

The vitamin-K-antagonist anticoagulants are a narrow structural subset: they require a 4-hydroxycoumarin bearing a large substituent at the 3-position (dicoumarol is two 4-hydroxycoumarin units bridged by a methylene). The parent coumarin — and simple hydroxycoumarins like umbelliferone, which carries its hydroxyl at the 7-position, not the 4 — have no anticoagulant activity ^{14Reference 14Lake BG · 1999Coumarin metabolism, toxicity and carcinogenicity: relevance for human risk assessmentView study →}. Dicoumarol itself is not a normal plant product; it forms when fungi spoil coumarin-rich sweet clover, and its discovery is what led to warfarin ^{14Reference 14Lake BG · 1999Coumarin metabolism, toxicity and carcinogenicity: relevance for human risk assessmentView study →}.

A related tidy-up specific to one of the source plants: in wild hydrangea the compound long called “hydrangin” is umbelliferone — a coumarin, not a cyanogenic glycoside. Hydrangin contains no nitrile and releases no cyanide; the older “hydrangea = cyanide” framing conflates it with unrelated cyanogenic glycosides.

What It's Used For

Umbelliferone’s activity profile is broad and internally consistent — antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, organ-protective and antidiabetic — but the evidence is rodent and in-vitro throughout, and the effects flow from a small set of shared upstream mechanisms rather than one dramatic target.

Evidence by IndicationStrength of support · Beta

Support is an experimental score — weighted by study type (human > animal > in vitro) and volume. A beta, not a validated metric. Every row here is preclinical (rodent or in-vitro isolate), so scores stay modest by design.

01Antidiabetic / AntihyperlipidemicShaky40%Repeated STZ-diabetic-rat isolate studies; consistent glucose + lipid effects ^{4,5,6Reference 4Ramesh B · 2005AnimalAntihyperlipidemic and antidiabetic effects of umbelliferone in streptozotocin diabetic ratsView study →Reference 5Ramesh B · 2006AnimalAntihyperglycemic effect of umbelliferone in streptozotocin-diabetic ratsView study →Reference 6Yin J et al. · 2018AnimalUmbelliferone alleviates hepatic injury in diabetic db/db mice via inhibiting inflammatory response and activating Nrf2-mediated antioxidantView study →}

02Anti-Inflammatory & Antioxidant (Organ Protection)Shaky38%Rodent isolate: Nrf2/HO-1↑, HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB↓, PPARγ↑ in liver/other organ models ^{6,7,8Reference 6Yin J et al. · 2018AnimalUmbelliferone alleviates hepatic injury in diabetic db/db mice via inhibiting inflammatory response and activating Nrf2-mediated antioxidantView study →Reference 7Mahmoud AM et al. · 2019AnimalUmbelliferone Ameliorates CCl4-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Rats by Upregulating PPARγ and Attenuating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and TGF-β1/Smad3 SignalingView study →Reference 8Khan A et al. · 2021AnimalAnti-allergic activities of Umbelliferone against histamine- and Picryl chloride-induced ear edema by targeting Nrf2/iNOS signaling in miceView study →}

03Antinociceptive / AntispasmodicShaky28%Rat gout-pain model (316 mg/kg) + isolated-tissue antispasmodic assays, from Tagetes lucida ^{9,10Reference 9Ángeles-López GE et al. · 2026AnimalAntinociceptive effect of Tagetes lucida in an arthritic gout-pain model in ratsView study →Reference 10Ventura-Martínez R et al. · 2020Study of Antispasmodic and Antidiarrheal Activities of Tagetes lucida (Mexican Tarragon) in Experimental Models and Its Mechanism of ActionView study →}

04Anti-AllergicShaky26%One rodent isolate study: histamine/picryl-chloride ear edema, Nrf2/iNOS, IgE↓ ^{8Reference 8Khan A et al. · 2021AnimalAnti-allergic activities of Umbelliferone against histamine- and Picryl chloride-induced ear edema by targeting Nrf2/iNOS signaling in miceView study →}

05AntimicrobialShaky20%In-vitro isolate; modest/weak activity, membrane disruption ^{3Reference 3Cruz LF et al. · 2020Umbelliferone (7-hydroxycoumarin): A non-toxic antidiarrheal and antiulcerogenic coumarinView study →}

Mechanisms

The load-bearing point is that most of these effects converge on Nrf2 up / NF-κB down — a redox-and-inflammation switch common to plant coumarins and polyphenols, not an umbelliferone-specific target.

Pharmacokinetics

Umbelliferone’s pharmacokinetics have a distinctive twist: the molecule is 7-hydroxycoumarin, the major human metabolite of dietary coumarin. In people, coumarin is 7-hydroxylated by CYP2A6 to umbelliferone, which is then rapidly and extensively conjugated to 7-hydroxycoumarin glucuronide and sulfate and cleared in the urine ^{14Reference 14Lake BG · 1999Coumarin metabolism, toxicity and carcinogenicity: relevance for human risk assessmentView study →}. Two consequences follow. (1) As a free aglycone, umbelliferone undergoes heavy first-pass phase-II metabolism, so systemic exposure to the unconjugated compound is low and its oral bioavailability poor — a standing caveat over the in-vitro potency figures. (2) Urinary 7-hydroxycoumarin glucuronide is the standard CYP2A6 phenotyping marker, which is why the compound is so well characterised metabolically even though it is barely studied as a drug in its own right ^{14Reference 14Lake BG · 1999Coumarin metabolism, toxicity and carcinogenicity: relevance for human risk assessmentView study →}.

Clinical Trials

There are no controlled human efficacy trials of umbelliferone. The entire evidence base is preclinical — rodent disease models and in-vitro assays of the isolate — supplemented by the human metabolic literature, where it features as coumarin’s CYP2A6 metabolite rather than as a tested therapeutic ^{2,14Reference 2Kornicka A et al. · 2023ReviewUmbelliferone and Its Synthetic Derivatives as Suitable Molecules for the Development of Agents with Biological Activities: A Review of Their Pharmacological and Therapeutic PotentialView study →Reference 14Lake BG · 1999Coumarin metabolism, toxicity and carcinogenicity: relevance for human risk assessmentView study →}.

Last checked: July 2026.

Isolate vs. Plant Studies

The pharmacology here is overwhelmingly the isolated molecule in rodents and in vitro — the Ramesh–Pugalendi diabetic-rat series ^{4,5Reference 4Ramesh B · 2005AnimalAntihyperlipidemic and antidiabetic effects of umbelliferone in streptozotocin diabetic ratsView study →Reference 5Ramesh B · 2006AnimalAntihyperglycemic effect of umbelliferone in streptozotocin-diabetic ratsView study →}, the db/db hepatic study ^{6Reference 6Yin J et al. · 2018AnimalUmbelliferone alleviates hepatic injury in diabetic db/db mice via inhibiting inflammatory response and activating Nrf2-mediated antioxidantView study →}, the CCl₄ fibrosis work ^{7Reference 7Mahmoud AM et al. · 2019AnimalUmbelliferone Ameliorates CCl4-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Rats by Upregulating PPARγ and Attenuating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and TGF-β1/Smad3 SignalingView study →} and the anti-allergic ear-edema study ^{8Reference 8Khan A et al. · 2021AnimalAnti-allergic activities of Umbelliferone against histamine- and Picryl chloride-induced ear edema by targeting Nrf2/iNOS signaling in miceView study →} all dose purified umbelliferone. That is a genuine strength for attributing mechanism to the molecule. The weakness is the opposite of most compound pages: there is no human evidence at all, isolate or extract. Where umbelliferone appears as a plant constituent — in cleavers, Mexican tarragon and wild hydrangea — it is almost always one minor coumarin among many (scopoletin, herniarin, scoparone and others travel with it), so a whole-herb effect cannot be pinned on umbelliferone alone ^{2,9,10Reference 2Kornicka A et al. · 2023ReviewUmbelliferone and Its Synthetic Derivatives as Suitable Molecules for the Development of Agents with Biological Activities: A Review of Their Pharmacological and Therapeutic PotentialView study →Reference 9Ángeles-López GE et al. · 2026AnimalAntinociceptive effect of Tagetes lucida in an arthritic gout-pain model in ratsView study →Reference 10Ventura-Martínez R et al. · 2020Study of Antispasmodic and Antidiarrheal Activities of Tagetes lucida (Mexican Tarragon) in Experimental Models and Its Mechanism of ActionView study →}. The correct read: solid isolate mechanism, zero human efficacy, and a diluted, co-mingled presence in the actual plants.

Photobiology & UV Absorption

Umbelliferone is, first and foremost, a fluorophore. Its extended coumarin π-system absorbs strongly in the ultraviolet and re-emits a characteristic blue fluorescence (emission ≈ 450–480 nm) with a high quantum yield, which is why it is a standard laboratory dye and the basis of countless umbelliferone-scaffold fluorescent probes — for example a widely-cited hydrogen-peroxide sensor built on the 7-hydroxycoumarin core ^{1,13Reference 1Mazimba O · 2017ReviewUmbelliferone: Sources, chemistry and bioactivities reviewView study →Reference 13Du L et al. · 2008Rational design of a fluorescent hydrogen peroxide probe based on the umbelliferone fluorophoreView study →}. Its fluorescence is sharply pH-dependent: the 7-hydroxyl has a pKₐ near neutrality, and deprotonation to the phenolate switches on the bright blue emission, making it a natural pH and enzyme-release reporter ^{13Reference 13Du L et al. · 2008Rational design of a fluorescent hydrogen peroxide probe based on the umbelliferone fluorophoreView study →}.

The same UV absorption underlies its sunscreen-adjacent use — umbelliferone has been incorporated into UV-filter/antioxidant formulations ^{1Reference 1Mazimba O · 2017ReviewUmbelliferone: Sources, chemistry and bioactivities reviewView study →}. Two honest qualifiers belong here. First, this is a materials/photochemistry property, not a therapeutic effect. Second, coumarins as a class carry a phototoxicity caveat: the furanocoumarins (psoralens) are potent photosensitisers, and while simple 7-hydroxycoumarin is not a furanocoumarin and lacks that DNA-photobinding activity, the family association is another reason to keep umbelliferone distinct from its more hazardous coumarin relatives.

Its Role in Plants

Umbelliferone sits at the entry point of simple-coumarin biosynthesis. It is made from the general phenylpropanoid pathway: p-coumaroyl-CoA is ortho-hydroxylated by a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase — p-coumaroyl-CoA 2′-hydroxylase (C2′H) — and the product lactonises to umbelliferone; the parallel hydroxylation of feruloyl-CoA yields scopoletin ^{11Reference 11Vialart G et al. · 2012A 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase from Ruta graveolens L. exhibits p-coumaroyl CoA 2’-hydroxylase activity (C2’H): a missing step in the synthesis of umbelliferone in plantsView study →}. From this parent, further ring hydroxylation (e.g. by scopoletin-8-hydroxylase) builds the more oxygenated coumarins.

That biosynthetic role feeds a striking ecological one. Under iron deficiency, plants such as Arabidopsis pour catechol coumarins (fraxetin, esculetin — all downstream of umbelliferone) into the rhizosphere, where they reduce and mobilise ferric iron from otherwise-unavailable soil pools, a central part of Strategy-I iron acquisition ^{12Reference 12Paffrath V et al. · 2024A major role of coumarin-dependent ferric iron reduction in strategy I-type iron acquisition in ArabidopsisView study →}. Umbelliferone itself is a poorer iron-mobiliser than its dihydroxylated descendants, but it is the scaffold the whole iron-scavenging coumarin toolkit is built on. More broadly, simple coumarins contribute to plant defence and allelopathy — antimicrobial and germination-inhibiting roles consistent with the antimicrobial activity seen in the lab ^{3Reference 3Cruz LF et al. · 2020Umbelliferone (7-hydroxycoumarin): A non-toxic antidiarrheal and antiulcerogenic coumarinView study →}.

Prevalence in Nature

Umbelliferone is widespread but rarely abundant. It recurs across the Apiaceae/Umbelliferae (the family it is named for), the Rutaceae and the Asteraceae, and is efficiently extracted with methanol ^{1,2Reference 1Mazimba O · 2017ReviewUmbelliferone: Sources, chemistry and bioactivities reviewView study →Reference 2Kornicka A et al. · 2023ReviewUmbelliferone and Its Synthetic Derivatives as Suitable Molecules for the Development of Agents with Biological Activities: A Review of Their Pharmacological and Therapeutic PotentialView study →}. It usually occurs as one coumarin among several rather than a dominant constituent.

Among the source plants documented here:

• Cleavers (Galium aparine) — umbelliferone occurs with scopoletin as part of the plant’s coumarin fraction ^{2Reference 2Kornicka A et al. · 2023ReviewUmbelliferone and Its Synthetic Derivatives as Suitable Molecules for the Development of Agents with Biological Activities: A Review of Their Pharmacological and Therapeutic PotentialView study →}.
• Mexican tarragon (Tagetes lucida) — one of a rich set of aerial-part coumarins (with herniarin, scoparone, scopoletin and others), and one of the analgesic/antispasmodic actives ^{9,10Reference 9Ángeles-López GE et al. · 2026AnimalAntinociceptive effect of Tagetes lucida in an arthritic gout-pain model in ratsView study →Reference 10Ventura-Martínez R et al. · 2020Study of Antispasmodic and Antidiarrheal Activities of Tagetes lucida (Mexican Tarragon) in Experimental Models and Its Mechanism of ActionView study →}.
• Wild hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) — confirmed in the root, historically named “hydrangin” (a coumarin, not a cyanogen).

Quantified content figures for these herbs are not well established — the compound is reported qualitatively rather than measured — so no comparative source-level chart is given here; the holes are tracked for a later pass.

Discovery & Synthesis

Umbelliferone takes its name from the Umbelliferae (the old name for the Apiaceae, the carrot/parsley family), reflecting its long-standing identification as a characteristic coumarin of those plants ^{1Reference 1Mazimba O · 2017ReviewUmbelliferone: Sources, chemistry and bioactivities reviewView study →}. It has also been isolated under source-specific names — hydrangine (from Hydrangea) and skimmetin (from Skimmia) — all of which denote the same 7-hydroxycoumarin.

Synthetically, it is a classic Pechmann-condensation product: resorcinol condensed with a β-ketoester (e.g. formylacetic/malic acid) under acid catalysis furnishes umbelliferone directly, making it one of the cheapest and most accessible coumarins to prepare ^{1Reference 1Mazimba O · 2017ReviewUmbelliferone: Sources, chemistry and bioactivities reviewView study →}. Because both the plant material and the one-step synthesis are inexpensive, laboratory and commercial umbelliferone is generally the synthetic compound.

Patents: not yet researched.

Toxicity & Safety

Umbelliferone carries a low toxicity flag. As a naturally occurring dietary coumarin — and, importantly, as 7-hydroxycoumarin, the detoxification metabolite that humans form from dietary coumarin via CYP2A6 — it sits on the safer side of the coumarin family: unlike coumarin itself (whose rodent hepatotoxicity proceeds through a different, 3,4-epoxide pathway), umbelliferone is the product of the human detox route, and reviews classify it as non-toxic at ordinary exposures ^{3,14Reference 3Cruz LF et al. · 2020Umbelliferone (7-hydroxycoumarin): A non-toxic antidiarrheal and antiulcerogenic coumarinView study →Reference 14Lake BG · 1999Coumarin metabolism, toxicity and carcinogenicity: relevance for human risk assessmentView study →}. It is not a hepatotoxic, anticoagulant or phototoxic coumarin.

Safety at a Glance

✅ Low / no toxicity

• A low-toxicity dietary coumarin. Occurs widely in food and herbs and is the human CYP2A6 detox metabolite of coumarin; reviews describe it as non-toxic at ordinary exposure ^{3,14Reference 3Cruz LF et al. · 2020Umbelliferone (7-hydroxycoumarin): A non-toxic antidiarrheal and antiulcerogenic coumarinView study →Reference 14Lake BG · 1999Coumarin metabolism, toxicity and carcinogenicity: relevance for human risk assessmentView study →}.
• Not an anticoagulant. A simple 7-hydroxycoumarin, structurally unrelated to warfarin/dicoumarol — no vitamin-K-antagonist activity ^{14Reference 14Lake BG · 1999Coumarin metabolism, toxicity and carcinogenicity: relevance for human risk assessmentView study →}.
• Evidence is preclinical. All efficacy data are rodent/in-vitro isolate; there is no human safety or efficacy dataset for umbelliferone as a supplement ^{2Reference 2Kornicka A et al. · 2023ReviewUmbelliferone and Its Synthetic Derivatives as Suitable Molecules for the Development of Agents with Biological Activities: A Review of Their Pharmacological and Therapeutic PotentialView study →}.
• Concentrated coumarin exposure differs from whole herbs. Safety here refers to the trace amounts in food/herbs, not to hypothetical high-dose isolate use, which is uncharacterised in humans.

Dosage

There is no established or recommended human dose for umbelliferone. The figures in the literature are preclinical research doses and are not convertible to human use:

Human exposure is dietary and indirect — as a minor coumarin in Apiaceae vegetables and in herbs such as cleavers and Mexican tarragon, and as the 7-hydroxycoumarin your own metabolism forms from dietary coumarin ^{14Reference 14Lake BG · 1999Coumarin metabolism, toxicity and carcinogenicity: relevance for human risk assessmentView study →}. These are doses studied in research and are not a personal recommendation.

References

1. Mazimba O. (2017). Umbelliferone: Sources, chemistry and bioactivities review. Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bfopcu.2017.05.001
2. Kornicka A, Balewski Ł, Lahutta M, Kokoszka J. (2023). Umbelliferone and Its Synthetic Derivatives as Suitable Molecules for the Development of Agents with Biological Activities: A Review of Their Pharmacological and Therapeutic Potential. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38139858/
3. Cruz LF, et al. (2020). Umbelliferone (7-hydroxycoumarin): A non-toxic antidiarrheal and antiulcerogenic coumarin. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32768935/
4. Ramesh B, Pugalendi KV. (2005). Antihyperlipidemic and antidiabetic effects of umbelliferone in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16720013/
5. Ramesh B, Pugalendi KV. (2006). Antihyperglycemic effect of umbelliferone in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Journal of Medicinal Food. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17201645/
6. Yin J, Wang H, Lu G. (2018). Umbelliferone alleviates hepatic injury in diabetic db/db mice via inhibiting inflammatory response and activating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant. Bioscience Reports. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29967293/
7. Mahmoud AM, Hozayen WG, Hasan IH, Shaban E, Bin-Jumah M. (2019). Umbelliferone Ameliorates CCl4-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Rats by Upregulating PPARγ and Attenuating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and TGF-β1/Smad3 Signaling. Inflammation. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30741365/
8. Khan A, Shehzad O, Seo EK, Onder A, Khan S. (2021). Anti-allergic activities of Umbelliferone against histamine- and Picryl chloride-induced ear edema by targeting Nrf2/iNOS signaling in mice. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34452623/
9. Ángeles-López GE, Avilés-Herrera J, González-Trujano ME, Cristians S, Ventura-Martínez R. (2026). Antinociceptive effect of Tagetes lucida in an arthritic gout-pain model in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41067319/
10. Ventura-Martínez R, Ángeles-López GE, González-Trujano ME, Carrasco OF, Déciga-Campos M. (2020). Study of Antispasmodic and Antidiarrheal Activities of Tagetes lucida (Mexican Tarragon) in Experimental Models and Its Mechanism of Action. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33193797/
11. Vialart G, et al. (2012). A 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase from Ruta graveolens L. exhibits p-coumaroyl CoA 2’-hydroxylase activity (C2’H): a missing step in the synthesis of umbelliferone in plants. The Plant Journal. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22168819/
12. Paffrath V, et al. (2024). A major role of coumarin-dependent ferric iron reduction in strategy I-type iron acquisition in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38016103/
13. Du L, Li M, Zheng S, Wang B. (2008). Rational design of a fluorescent hydrogen peroxide probe based on the umbelliferone fluorophore. Tetrahedron Letters. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19081820/
14. Lake BG. (1999). Coumarin metabolism, toxicity and carcinogenicity: relevance for human risk assessment. Food and Chemical Toxicology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10418958/

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