alpha-Terpinene

alpha-Terpinene at a Glance

alpha-Terpinene is a monocyclic monoterpene hydrocarbon found in tea tree, cumin and epazote oils, used commercially as a flavour and fragrance constituent.

Within tea tree oil it functions as one of the antioxidants — and that is largely why it matters: it protects the oil itself from oxidation, since oxidised tea tree oil is considerably more sensitising to skin than fresh oil. Its own evidence is preclinical and essential-oil-based rather than isolate-based.

The Antioxidant That Oxidises

alpha-Terpinene’s one distinctive property cuts both ways. As a 1,3-cyclohexadiene it carries two bis-allylic hydrogens that it gives up easily, which makes it a fast chain-breaking antioxidant — it terminates lipid-peroxyl radicals, and in tea tree oil it is one of the components that protects the rest of the oil ^{1,5Reference 1Rudbäck J et al. · 2012Rudbäck J, Bergström MA, Börje A, et al. (2012). α-Terpinene, an antioxidant in tea tree oil, autoxidises rapidly to skin allergens on air exposure. Chemical Research in Toxicology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22250748/View study →Reference 5Foti MC · 2003Mechanism of inhibition of lipid peroxidation by γ-terpinene, an unusual and potentially useful hydrocarbon antioxidantView study →}. But a molecule that donates hydrogen to radicals that readily is itself oxidised just as readily. On air exposure at room temperature α-terpinene autoxidises within days to a mixture of allylic epoxides, an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, p-cymene and hydrogen peroxide, and those products are strong skin sensitisers in the local lymph node assay where the fresh compound is not ^{1Reference 1Rudbäck J et al. · 2012Rudbäck J, Bergström MA, Börje A, et al. (2012). α-Terpinene, an antioxidant in tea tree oil, autoxidises rapidly to skin allergens on air exposure. Chemical Research in Toxicology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22250748/View study →}.

The practical consequence is that the same bottle changes character with time. Fresh tea tree oil owes part of its stability to α-terpinene; aged tea tree oil owes part of its allergenicity to what α-terpinene has become, and rising p-cymene at the expense of the terpinenes is the analytical signature of an oil that has turned ^{1Reference 1Rudbäck J et al. · 2012Rudbäck J, Bergström MA, Börje A, et al. (2012). α-Terpinene, an antioxidant in tea tree oil, autoxidises rapidly to skin allergens on air exposure. Chemical Research in Toxicology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22250748/View study →}. Storage — sealed, cool, dark — matters more for this molecule than any dose.

Ascaridole: The Molecule It Becomes

The second thing α-terpinene turns into is a drug and a poison. Its conjugated diene adds singlet oxygen across the ring to give the bicyclic endoperoxide ascaridole — a reaction so clean that the photo-oxidation of α-terpinene is a standard benchmark for new photosensitisers ^{7Reference 7Main MU et al. · 2025Host Cavities Enhance the Photocatalytic Conversion of α-Terpinene to Ascaridole Under Visible-Light Irradiation — synthetic chemistryView study →}. Plants do it enzymatically: in wormseed (epazote) fruit an iodide peroxidase converts α-terpinene to ascaridole, and both wormseed and boldo make the endoperoxide in racemic form ^{6Reference 6Johnson MA · 1984In vitroBiosynthesis of ascaridole: iodide peroxidase-catalyzed synthesis of a monoterpene endoperoxide in soluble extracts of Chenopodium ambrosioides fruit — enzyme characterisation, in vitroView study →}. Ascaridole is 60–80% of American wormseed fruit oil ^{6Reference 6Johnson MA · 1984In vitroBiosynthesis of ascaridole: iodide peroxidase-catalyzed synthesis of a monoterpene endoperoxide in soluble extracts of Chenopodium ambrosioides fruit — enzyme characterisation, in vitroView study →}, the anthelmintic principle that made epazote a nineteenth-century worm remedy, and the reason concentrated epazote oil is dangerous.

That biosynthetic link decides what an epazote oil is. Cuban oils run 17–21% α-terpinene with 20% p-cymene and 30–47% ascaridole ^{8Reference 8Monzote L et al. · 2011In vitroComparative chemical, cytotoxicity and antileishmanial properties of essential oils from Chenopodium ambrosioides — GC-MS composition and in vitro studyView study →}; a Brazilian oil had almost no α-terpinene left (0.9%) and 80% ascaridole ^{9Reference 9Jardim CM et al. · 2008In vitroComposition and antifungal activity of the essential oil of the Brazilian Chenopodium ambrosioides L — GC-MS composition and in vitro antifungal studyView study →} — the precursor consumed, the product accumulated. Any activity credited to “α-terpinene-rich” Chenopodium oil ^{3Reference 3Chekem MS et al. · 2010Antifungal properties of Chenopodium ambrosioides essential oil against Candida speciesView study →} is therefore an ascaridole–α-terpinene–p-cymene mixture, and the toxicity of the oil is ascaridole’s, not this molecule’s.

The Terpinene Series

α-Terpinene is one of a family of four p-menthadiene isomers — α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, terpinolene and the aromatic end-point p-cymene — that differ only in where their double bonds sit, and that interconvert by acid catalysis and by oxidation. Limonene isomerised over an acid catalyst gives all four at once ^{13Reference 13Wróblewska A et al. · 2019In vitroMicrobiological Tests of Natural Limonene and the Compounds Obtained after Isomerization of Limonene in the Presence of Ti-SBA-15 Catalyst-α-Terpinene, γ-Terpinene, Terpinolene, and p-Cymene — synthetic chemistry and in vitro antimicrobial testsView study →}, and in plants the same set travels together: marjoram oil carries 26% γ-terpinene and 17% α-terpinene beside terpinen-4-ol and sabinene ^{11Reference 11Dantas AD et al. · 2016In vitroOriganum majorana Essential Oil Lacks Mutagenic Activity in the Salmonella/Microsome and Micronucleus Assays — in vitro genotoxicity studyView study →}, and tea tree oil 16–21% γ- against 3–13% α- ^{10Reference 10Vázquez A et al. · 2023HPTLC Analysis and Chemical Composition of Selected Melaleuca Essential Oils — GC-MS composition studyView study →}. Oregano and thyme run the sequence one step further, oxidising p-cymene to carvacrol and thymol — which is why marjoram is the mild member of its genus.

The isomers are not interchangeable pharmacologically. The lipid-peroxidation kinetics on which the antioxidant story rests were measured on γ-terpinene, not α- ^{5Reference 5Foti MC · 2003Mechanism of inhibition of lipid peroxidation by γ-terpinene, an unusual and potentially useful hydrocarbon antioxidantView study →}; the efflux-pump work was α- ^{2Reference 2de Morais Oliveira-Tintino CD et al. · 2018Inhibition of the essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides and α-terpinene on the NorA efflux pump of Staphylococcus aureusView study →}; and their oxidation products differ. When a monograph says “terpinene”, the first question is which one.

What It's Used For

alpha-Terpinene is a monocyclic monoterpene hydrocarbon — distinct from the alcohol alpha-terpineol — found across tea tree, cumin and epazote oils. Its evidence is genuinely thin: no human trials of the isolate, and most reported “activity” is at the whole-oil level. The one point that makes it interesting is a chemical paradox: it is described as one of the antioxidants in tea tree oil ^{1Reference 1Rudbäck J et al. · 2012Rudbäck J, Bergström MA, Börje A, et al. (2012). α-Terpinene, an antioxidant in tea tree oil, autoxidises rapidly to skin allergens on air exposure. Chemical Research in Toxicology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22250748/View study →}, yet it autoxidizes rapidly on air exposure to a mixture of allylic epoxides, an unsaturated aldehyde, p-cymene and hydrogen peroxide — and those degradation products are strong skin sensitizers ^{1Reference 1Rudbäck J et al. · 2012Rudbäck J, Bergström MA, Börje A, et al. (2012). α-Terpinene, an antioxidant in tea tree oil, autoxidises rapidly to skin allergens on air exposure. Chemical Research in Toxicology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22250748/View study →}.

The same reactivity underlies both properties.

Evidence by IndicationStrength of support · Beta

01AntioxidantShaky28%Tea-tree-oil role + isomer chain-breaking mechanism ^{1,5Reference 1Rudbäck J et al. · 2012Rudbäck J, Bergström MA, Börje A, et al. (2012). α-Terpinene, an antioxidant in tea tree oil, autoxidises rapidly to skin allergens on air exposure. Chemical Research in Toxicology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22250748/View study →Reference 5Foti MC · 2003Mechanism of inhibition of lipid peroxidation by γ-terpinene, an unusual and potentially useful hydrocarbon antioxidantView study →}

02Antimicrobial (efflux-pump adjuvant)Shaky22%NorA inhibition potentiating norfloxacin ^{2Reference 2de Morais Oliveira-Tintino CD et al. · 2018Inhibition of the essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides and α-terpinene on the NorA efflux pump of Staphylococcus aureusView study →}

03Antifungal (essential-oil context)Shaky18%α-terpinene-rich Chenopodium oil vs Candida ^{3Reference 3Chekem MS et al. · 2010Antifungal properties of Chenopodium ambrosioides essential oil against Candida speciesView study →}

04Insecticidal / larvicidalShaky16%Constituent-level larvicidal screening ^{4Reference 4Cheng SS et al. · 2009Chemical compositions and larvicidal activities of leaf essential oils from two Eucalyptus speciesView study →}

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Mechanisms

Pharmacokinetics

There is no dedicated human pharmacokinetics for the isolate. Inferred from the monoterpene-hydrocarbon class: alpha-terpinene is small (C₁₀H₁₆), highly lipophilic and volatile, so it is expected to be rapidly absorbed, rapidly oxidized and exhaled, giving low sustained systemic exposure. Its distinct feature is that it autoxidizes readily on air exposure, so real-world exposure is often to a degrading mixture rather than the pure compound ^{1Reference 1Rudbäck J et al. · 2012Rudbäck J, Bergström MA, Börje A, et al. (2012). α-Terpinene, an antioxidant in tea tree oil, autoxidises rapidly to skin allergens on air exposure. Chemical Research in Toxicology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22250748/View study →}.

Clinical Trials

There are no human clinical trials of isolated alpha-terpinene, and none registered. Human exposure exists only at the whole-essential-oil level — tea tree oil above all — which cannot be attributed to this single constituent.

Last checked: September 2026.

Isolate vs. Plant Studies

The isolate file is short and specific. The autoxidation chemistry and sensitisation assays were run on pure α-terpinene ^{1Reference 1Rudbäck J et al. · 2012Rudbäck J, Bergström MA, Börje A, et al. (2012). α-Terpinene, an antioxidant in tea tree oil, autoxidises rapidly to skin allergens on air exposure. Chemical Research in Toxicology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22250748/View study →}; the NorA efflux-pump study tested the isolate against Staphylococcus aureus and found it a weak antibacterial but a real norfloxacin adjuvant ^{2Reference 2de Morais Oliveira-Tintino CD et al. · 2018Inhibition of the essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides and α-terpinene on the NorA efflux pump of Staphylococcus aureusView study →}; the Ames results are for the pure compound ^{12Reference 12Gomes-Carneiro MR et al. · 2005In vitroEvaluation of beta-myrcene, alpha-terpinene and (+)- and (-)-alpha-pinene in the Salmonella/microsome assay — in vitro genotoxicity studyView study →}. That is the whole of it — no isolate antioxidant kinetics (those are γ-terpinene’s ^{5Reference 5Foti MC · 2003Mechanism of inhibition of lipid peroxidation by γ-terpinene, an unusual and potentially useful hydrocarbon antioxidantView study →}), no isolate antifungal MIC, no animal study of any kind.

Everything else is an oil. The antifungal Chenopodium results ^{3Reference 3Chekem MS et al. · 2010Antifungal properties of Chenopodium ambrosioides essential oil against Candida speciesView study →}, the larvicidal Eucalyptus screening ^{4Reference 4Cheng SS et al. · 2009Chemical compositions and larvicidal activities of leaf essential oils from two Eucalyptus speciesView study →} and the marjoram genotoxicity work ^{11Reference 11Dantas AD et al. · 2016In vitroOriganum majorana Essential Oil Lacks Mutagenic Activity in the Salmonella/Microsome and Micronucleus Assays — in vitro genotoxicity studyView study →} are whole-oil findings in which α-terpinene is one component among ascaridole, p-cymene, γ-terpinene and terpinen-4-ol. Tea tree oil’s clinical literature is terpinen-4-ol’s story with α-terpinene as a stabiliser. The honest framing: a molecule whose best-characterised property is chemical rather than pharmacological, and whose plant contexts each have a more important active.

Its Role in Plants

α-Terpinene is made from geranyl diphosphate through the terpinen-4-yl cation — the same intermediate that gives tea tree its {t4}, γ-terpinene and sabinene, which is why those four arrive together in Melaleuca oil ^{10Reference 10Vázquez A et al. · 2023HPTLC Analysis and Chemical Composition of Selected Melaleuca Essential Oils — GC-MS composition studyView study →}. In most plants it is a minor volatile with the general antimicrobial and deterrent character of the class.

Two plants have found a use for its reactivity. Wormseed and boldo convert it enzymatically to the endoperoxide ascaridole, a potent anthelmintic and a defence against nematodes and insects ^{6Reference 6Johnson MA · 1984In vitroBiosynthesis of ascaridole: iodide peroxidase-catalyzed synthesis of a monoterpene endoperoxide in soluble extracts of Chenopodium ambrosioides fruit — enzyme characterisation, in vitroView study →}; and in every plant that carries it, α-terpinene’s readiness to donate hydrogen makes it a sacrificial antioxidant that protects the more valuable oxygenated terpenes around it from air ^{1Reference 1Rudbäck J et al. · 2012Rudbäck J, Bergström MA, Börje A, et al. (2012). α-Terpinene, an antioxidant in tea tree oil, autoxidises rapidly to skin allergens on air exposure. Chemical Research in Toxicology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22250748/View study →}. It is also among the most ozone-reactive volatiles a leaf emits, its conjugated diene consumed almost on contact — one reason “terpinene” is short-lived in the air above a crop.

Prevalence in Nature

α-Terpinene is a common minor volatile and a major one in a handful of oils. Epazote (Dysphania ambrosioides) is the richest source where the ascaridole conversion has not run to completion — 17–21% in Cuban oils ^{8Reference 8Monzote L et al. · 2011In vitroComparative chemical, cytotoxicity and antileishmanial properties of essential oils from Chenopodium ambrosioides — GC-MS composition and in vitro studyView study →}, under 1% in a Brazilian oil where ascaridole had reached 80% ^{9Reference 9Jardim CM et al. · 2008In vitroComposition and antifungal activity of the essential oil of the Brazilian Chenopodium ambrosioides L — GC-MS composition and in vitro antifungal studyView study →}. Marjoram oil carries about 17% ^{11Reference 11Dantas AD et al. · 2016In vitroOriganum majorana Essential Oil Lacks Mutagenic Activity in the Salmonella/Microsome and Micronucleus Assays — in vitro genotoxicity studyView study →}; tea tree 3.5–12.6% across seven commercial oils, always behind terpinen-4-ol and γ-terpinene ^{10Reference 10Vázquez A et al. · 2023HPTLC Analysis and Chemical Composition of Selected Melaleuca Essential Oils — GC-MS composition studyView study →}; cumin, cardamom, boldo, citrus and conifer oils carry a few percent. Because it oxidises so readily, the figure in a stored oil is always lower than the figure at distillation.

Major Natural Sources

Source	Plant part	Reported α-terpinene content
Epazote (Dysphania ambrosioides)	aerial-parts oil	17–21% (Cuban oils) 8Reference 8Monzote L et al. · 2011In vitroComparative chemical, cytotoxicity and antileishmanial properties of essential oils from Chenopodium ambrosioides — GC-MS composition and in vitro studyView study →; ~1% (Brazilian, ascaridole 80%) 9Reference 9Jardim CM et al. · 2008In vitroComposition and antifungal activity of the essential oil of the Brazilian Chenopodium ambrosioides L — GC-MS composition and in vitro antifungal studyView study →
Marjoram (Origanum majorana)	aerial-parts oil	~17% (γ-terpinene 26%) 11Reference 11Dantas AD et al. · 2016In vitroOriganum majorana Essential Oil Lacks Mutagenic Activity in the Salmonella/Microsome and Micronucleus Assays — in vitro genotoxicity studyView study →
Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia)	leaf oil	3.5–12.6% (γ-terpinene 16–21%, terpinen-4-ol 38–44%) 10Reference 10Vázquez A et al. · 2023HPTLC Analysis and Chemical Composition of Selected Melaleuca Essential Oils — GC-MS composition studyView study →

All figures are shares of the essential oil and fall as the oil ages.

Other Reported Sources

• Cumin and cardamom seed oils, with γ-terpinene and p-cymene
• Boldo (Peumus boldus) leaf oil, beside ascaridole ^{6Reference 6Johnson MA · 1984In vitroBiosynthesis of ascaridole: iodide peroxidase-catalyzed synthesis of a monoterpene endoperoxide in soluble extracts of Chenopodium ambrosioides fruit — enzyme characterisation, in vitroView study →}
• Citrus peel and conifer needle oils, in small amounts
• Eucalyptus leaf oils ^{4Reference 4Cheng SS et al. · 2009Chemical compositions and larvicidal activities of leaf essential oils from two Eucalyptus speciesView study →}

Discovery & Synthesis

The terpinenes were named and characterised in Otto Wallach’s terpene work of the 1880s and 1890s, alongside pinene, limonene and the other C10 hydrocarbons that established the isoprene rule; the three terpinene isomers were separated and their structures fixed over the following decades, with the α-isomer recognised as the conjugated 1,3-diene. Its best-known reaction — the singlet-oxygen addition that Schenck used in the 1940s to make ascaridole from α-terpinene — is a landmark of photochemistry and is still the reference reaction for testing photosensitisers ^{7Reference 7Main MU et al. · 2025Host Cavities Enhance the Photocatalytic Conversion of α-Terpinene to Ascaridole Under Visible-Light Irradiation — synthetic chemistryView study →}.

Commercial α-terpinene is not extracted from plants. It is made by acid-catalysed isomerisation of cheaper terpenes — α-pinene, limonene or terpinolene — which gives a “terpinene” mixture of α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, terpinolene and p-cymene that is fractionated or sold as such ^{13Reference 13Wróblewska A et al. · 2019In vitroMicrobiological Tests of Natural Limonene and the Compounds Obtained after Isomerization of Limonene in the Presence of Ti-SBA-15 Catalyst-α-Terpinene, γ-Terpinene, Terpinolene, and p-Cymene — synthetic chemistry and in vitro antimicrobial testsView study →}. Volumes are small; its uses are flavour, fragrance and the manufacture of ascaridole and p-cymene.

Patents: not yet researched.

Toxicity & Safety

The compound itself has low acute toxicity — the hazard is what it turns into. On air exposure alpha-terpinene autoxidizes to strong contact allergens, so storage and freshness matter far more here than dose.

Safety at a Glance

✅ Low / no toxicityAllergy risk

• Low acute toxicity at dietary and aroma levels. A recognized natural flavoring constituent, widely present in foods and essential oils.
• Oxidized material is a strong skin sensitizer. Air exposure forms allylic epoxides and an unsaturated aldehyde fraction — far more sensitizing than the fresh compound.
• Store sealed, cool and dark. Air-aged material, including old tea tree oil, is the relevant contact-allergy hazard.
• Concentrated oils are irritant undiluted. Epazote oil, a common source, also carries its own ascaridole toxicity.

Full Safety & Interactions Detail

alpha-Terpinene has low acute toxicity and is a recognized natural flavoring constituent (GRAS-type) widely present in foods and essential oils, with low toxicity at dietary and aroma levels. Its principal flagged hazard is autoxidation to skin allergens: on air exposure it forms allylic epoxides and an α,β-unsaturated-aldehyde fraction that are strong sensitizers in the murine local lymph node assay, and the oxidized mixture is markedly more sensitizing than the fresh compound ^{1Reference 1Rudbäck J et al. · 2012Rudbäck J, Bergström MA, Börje A, et al. (2012). α-Terpinene, an antioxidant in tea tree oil, autoxidises rapidly to skin allergens on air exposure. Chemical Research in Toxicology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22250748/View study →}.

The pure, fresh compound is a weak or non-sensitizer — the degradation products drive the contact-allergy risk — so air-aged or poorly stored material (and old tea tree oil) is the relevant hazard, and concentrated oils are irritant undiluted. Treat it like other volatile terpenes: keep sealed, cool and dark, and avoid using oxidized material on skin. Genotoxicity is reassuring as far as it goes: α-terpinene was not mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome assay in four strains, with or without metabolic activation ^{12Reference 12Gomes-Carneiro MR et al. · 2005In vitroEvaluation of beta-myrcene, alpha-terpinene and (+)- and (-)-alpha-pinene in the Salmonella/microsome assay — in vitro genotoxicity studyView study →}, and a marjoram oil containing 17% α-terpinene was negative in both the Ames and the micronucleus test ^{11Reference 11Dantas AD et al. · 2016In vitroOriganum majorana Essential Oil Lacks Mutagenic Activity in the Salmonella/Microsome and Micronucleus Assays — in vitro genotoxicity studyView study →}.

No verified developmental-toxicity signal for the isolate was found. No reproductive-toxicity study of isolated alpha-terpinene was located. Dietary and aroma-level exposure from cumin, epazote, tea tree and citrus is incidental and long-standing; concentrated essential-oil exposure has not been assessed, and epazote oil — a common alpha-terpinene source — carries its own ascaridole toxicity independent of this molecule.

Dosage

There is no established human dose — alpha-terpinene is not used as a standalone supplement or medicine, and is encountered only as a natural flavor/fragrance constituent and one component of essential oils. All biological figures cited are in-vitro or exposure references (e.g. the antibacterial MIC ≥1024 µg/mL ^{2Reference 2de Morais Oliveira-Tintino CD et al. · 2018Inhibition of the essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides and α-terpinene on the NorA efflux pump of Staphylococcus aureusView study →}), not recommendations. These are doses studied in research and are not a personal recommendation.

References

1. Rudbäck J, Bergström MA, Börje A, et al. (2012). α-Terpinene, an antioxidant in tea tree oil, autoxidises rapidly to skin allergens on air exposure. Chemical Research in Toxicology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22250748/
2. de Morais Oliveira-Tintino CD, et al. (2018). Inhibition of the essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides and α-terpinene on the NorA efflux pump of Staphylococcus aureus. Food Chemistry. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29751924/
3. Chekem MS, et al. (2010). Antifungal properties of Chenopodium ambrosioides essential oil against Candida species. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27713382/
4. Cheng SS, et al. (2009). Chemical compositions and larvicidal activities of leaf essential oils from two Eucalyptus species. Bioresource Technology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18396398/
5. Foti MC, Ingold KU (2003). Mechanism of inhibition of lipid peroxidation by γ-terpinene, an unusual and potentially useful hydrocarbon antioxidant. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12696969/
6. Johnson MA, Croteau R (1984). Biosynthesis of ascaridole: iodide peroxidase-catalyzed synthesis of a monoterpene endoperoxide in soluble extracts of Chenopodium ambrosioides fruit — enzyme characterisation, in vitro. Arch Biochem Biophys. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6497393/
7. Main MU, Taylor D, Amicosante L, et al. (2025). Host Cavities Enhance the Photocatalytic Conversion of α-Terpinene to Ascaridole Under Visible-Light Irradiation — synthetic chemistry. Chemistry. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40891547/
8. Monzote L, Nance MR, García M, et al. (2011). Comparative chemical, cytotoxicity and antileishmanial properties of essential oils from Chenopodium ambrosioides — GC-MS composition and in vitro study. Nat Prod Commun. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21425695/
9. Jardim CM, Jham GN, Dhingra OD, et al. (2008). Composition and antifungal activity of the essential oil of the Brazilian Chenopodium ambrosioides L — GC-MS composition and in vitro antifungal study. J Chem Ecol. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18679750/
10. Vázquez A, Tabanca N, Kendra PE (2023). HPTLC Analysis and Chemical Composition of Selected Melaleuca Essential Oils — GC-MS composition study. Molecules. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37175338/
11. Dantas AD, Klein-Júnior LC, Machado MS, et al. (2016). Origanum majorana Essential Oil Lacks Mutagenic Activity in the Salmonella/Microsome and Micronucleus Assays — in vitro genotoxicity study. ScientificWorldJournal. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27891531/
12. Gomes-Carneiro MR, Viana ME, Felzenszwalb I, et al. (2005). Evaluation of beta-myrcene, alpha-terpinene and (+)- and (-)-alpha-pinene in the Salmonella/microsome assay — in vitro genotoxicity study. Food Chem Toxicol. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15621337/
13. Wróblewska A, Retajczyk M, Kądziołka D, et al. (2019). Microbiological Tests of Natural Limonene and the Compounds Obtained after Isomerization of Limonene in the Presence of Ti-SBA-15 Catalyst-α-Terpinene, γ-Terpinene, Terpinolene, and p-Cymene — synthetic chemistry and in vitro antimicrobial tests. J Cosmet Sci. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31398102/

View all 13 references▾