Orientin

Orientin at a Glance

Orientin is a flavone C-glycoside — specifically luteolin-8-C-glucoside, a molecule of luteolin carrying a single glucose unit joined through a carbon–carbon bond at the 8-position. It is a common dietary flavonoid of rooibos, millet, buckwheat sprouts, açaí and the aerial parts of passionflower, holy basil, motherwort and chickweed, where it usually sits as one C-glycosylflavone among several rather than a dominant constituent.

Its preclinical profile is real and fairly broad — antioxidant, cardioprotective, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects are each reported in cell and rodent models, most consistently as protection of heart and brain tissue against ischaemia–reperfusion injury ^{5,6,7,8Reference 5Tian T et al. · 2018AnimalNeuroprotective effects of orientin on oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced cell injury in primary culture of rat cortical neuronsView study →Reference 6Fu XC et al. · 2007AnimalFu XC, et al. (2007). [Protective effects of orientin on myocardial ischemia and hypoxia in animal models]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao (Journal of Southern Medical University). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17715018/View study →Reference 7Fu XC et al. · 2006Anti-apoptotic effect and the mechanism of orientin on ischaemic/reperfused myocardiumView study →Reference 8Li F et al. · 2017Orientin reduces myocardial infarction size via eNOS/NO signaling and thus mitigates adverse cardiac remodelingView study →}. The honest headline is the ceiling on that evidence: it is entirely preclinical. There are no controlled human trials of isolated orientin, and where a whole plant it marks (passionflower) does have human-relevant activity, that activity belongs to the extract, not the isolate ^{11Reference 11Grundmann O et al. · 2008Anxiolytic activity of a phytochemically characterized Passiflora incarnata extract is mediated via the GABAergic systemView study →}.

The molecule’s defining structural feature cuts two ways. Its carbon-bonded sugar resists hydrolysis — orientin is not cleaved by the acid and glycosidases that split ordinary O-glycosides, so it survives largely intact — yet its oral bioavailability stays low and it crosses the blood–brain barrier poorly ^{1,10Reference 1Ishaq AR et al. · 2025Orientin: a natural glycoside with versatile pharmacological activitiesView study →Reference 10Li X et al. · 2008AnimalPharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study of orientin in rat by liquid chromatographyView study →}. That tension is the compound-unique thread that runs through all of it.

Orientin vs. Iso-orientin & Vitexin

Orientin is easy to confuse with three near-identical siblings, and the herbal literature routinely lists them together as the “flavone C-glycosides” of a plant. The distinctions are small but real:

Compound	Aglycone	Sugar position
Orientin	luteolin (3’,4’-diOH B-ring)	glucose at C-8
Iso-orientin (homoorientin)	luteolin	glucose at C-6
Vitexin	apigenin (4’-OH B-ring)	glucose at C-8
Isovitexin	apigenin	glucose at C-6

Two axes separate them: the aglycone (luteolin, with its catechol B-ring, versus apigenin, with a single hydroxyl) and the position of C-glycosylation (C-8 versus C-6). Orientin and iso-orientin are positional isomers — luteolin-8-C-glucoside versus luteolin-6-C-glucoside — and the pair are the two that carried the antioxidant activity in the classic chickweed study, while the apigenin-based vitexin and isovitexin did not ^{3Reference 3Budzianowski J et al. · 1991Studies on antioxidative activity of some C-glycosylflavonesView study →}. The extra B-ring hydroxyl of the luteolin core (the catechol) is the usual explanation: it makes orientin and iso-orientin better radical scavengers than their apigenin twins. Iso-orientin has its own page, where its Nrf2-driven hepatoprotection and ~9% oral bioavailability are covered in depth.

C-Glycoside Stability & Bioavailability

The single most important thing to understand about orientin’s pharmacology is what its carbon–carbon bond does — and does not — buy it.

In an ordinary flavonoid O-glycoside, the sugar hangs off an oxygen atom and is readily cleaved: stomach acid, intestinal glycosidases and gut bacteria hydrolyse it, releasing the free aglycone that is often the truly absorbed species. Orientin is a C-glycoside — the glucose is bolted directly to the flavone carbon skeleton — so it resists that hydrolysis and travels largely as the intact glycoside ^{1Reference 1Ishaq AR et al. · 2025Orientin: a natural glycoside with versatile pharmacological activitiesView study →}. This stability is real and is part of why C-glycosylflavones are robust dietary markers.

The intuitive expectation — that a stable molecule should therefore be well absorbed — does not hold. Orientin’s oral bioavailability is low, and the reviews of the compound flag establishing it as the key unmet task before any clinical development ^{1,2Reference 1Ishaq AR et al. · 2025Orientin: a natural glycoside with versatile pharmacological activitiesView study →Reference 2Fahmy MI et al. · 2025ReviewOrientin: a comprehensive review of a promising bioactive flavonoidView study →}. Rat pharmacokinetics, done intravenously to sidestep absorption entirely, show rapid distribution to liver, lung and kidney, rapid elimination, and poor penetration of the blood–brain barrier — the last a direct consequence of the polar, hydrophilic glycoside ^{10Reference 10Li X et al. · 2008AnimalPharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study of orientin in rat by liquid chromatographyView study →}. The practical reading is a caution that recurs on every C-glycoside page: the striking in-vitro potencies (micromolar antioxidant and cytoprotective effects) sit above the concentrations an oral dose is likely to achieve in plasma, let alone in brain — so the neuroprotective results in particular should be read as mechanism, not as a delivered human effect.

What It's Used For

Orientin’s evidence is a preclinical machine: cell and rodent studies of the isolate, plus umbrella reviews. The split that matters is which tissue (heart and brain dominate) and the fact that no rung of it is human.

Evidence by IndicationStrength of support · Beta

Support is an experimental score — weighted by study type (human > animal > in vitro) and volume. A beta, not a validated metric. There is no human evidence for isolated orientin, so every score is capped by design — these rank preclinical strength, not clinical proof.

01Cardioprotective (Ischemia and Reperfusion)Shaky44%Multiple animal + cardiomyocyte isolate studies; eNOS/NO, anti-apoptotic ^{6,7,8Reference 6Fu XC et al. · 2007AnimalFu XC, et al. (2007). [Protective effects of orientin on myocardial ischemia and hypoxia in animal models]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao (Journal of Southern Medical University). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17715018/View study →Reference 7Fu XC et al. · 2006Anti-apoptotic effect and the mechanism of orientin on ischaemic/reperfused myocardiumView study →Reference 8Li F et al. · 2017Orientin reduces myocardial infarction size via eNOS/NO signaling and thus mitigates adverse cardiac remodelingView study →}

02Neuroprotective (Ischemic Injury)Shaky40%Rat cortical-neuron OGD/RP isolate study + reviews; JNK/ERK, antioxidant ^{5,1Reference 5Tian T et al. · 2018AnimalNeuroprotective effects of orientin on oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced cell injury in primary culture of rat cortical neuronsView study →Reference 1Ishaq AR et al. · 2025Orientin: a natural glycoside with versatile pharmacological activitiesView study →}

03AntioxidantShaky38%Classic C-glycosylflavone assays (chickweed) + the mechanism under everything else ^{3,4Reference 3Budzianowski J et al. · 1991Studies on antioxidative activity of some C-glycosylflavonesView study →Reference 4Bernatoniene J et al. · 2014The effect of Leonurus cardiaca herb extract and some of its flavonoids on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the heartView study →}

04Anti-InflammatoryShaky32%Single strong LPS/RAW264.7 isolate study; NF-κB + NLRP3 ^{9Reference 9Xiao Q et al. · 2017Orientin ameliorates LPS-induced inflammatory responses through the inhibitory of the NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasomeView study →}

05Anxiolytic / Sedative (Passionflower Marker)Shaky20%Marker only — GABA anxiolysis is the whole Passiflora extract, not the isolate ^{11Reference 11Grundmann O et al. · 2008Anxiolytic activity of a phytochemically characterized Passiflora incarnata extract is mediated via the GABAergic systemView study →}

Mechanisms

The load-bearing point is that these are mostly one story told in several tissues: an antioxidant / anti-apoptotic core, with eNOS/NO, JNK/ERK and NF-κB/NLRP3 as the tissue-specific arms. Almost all of it is in-vitro or rodent, on the isolate.

Pharmacokinetics

Orientin’s pharmacokinetics are thinly characterised and route-limited. The one dedicated study dosed rats intravenously (20 mg/kg) — deliberately bypassing absorption — and found the compound rapidly distributed and eliminated within ~90 minutes, concentrating in liver, lung and kidney with no long-term tissue accumulation and limited blood–brain-barrier penetration ^{10Reference 10Li X et al. · 2008AnimalPharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study of orientin in rat by liquid chromatographyView study →}. As a polar C-glycoside it is hydrophilic, which explains both the poor BBB entry and the low expected oral uptake ^{1,2Reference 1Ishaq AR et al. · 2025Orientin: a natural glycoside with versatile pharmacological activitiesView study →Reference 2Fahmy MI et al. · 2025ReviewOrientin: a comprehensive review of a promising bioactive flavonoidView study →}. Critically, no oral bioavailability figure exists for orientin in any species, and there is no human pharmacokinetic data at all — the reviews name establishing oral bioavailability, PK and PD as the prerequisite for clinical development ^{1,2Reference 1Ishaq AR et al. · 2025Orientin: a natural glycoside with versatile pharmacological activitiesView study →Reference 2Fahmy MI et al. · 2025ReviewOrientin: a comprehensive review of a promising bioactive flavonoidView study →}. Because the sugar is C-linked, orientin is not appreciably hydrolysed to free luteolin in the gut, so — unlike an O-glycoside — the aglycone is not the absorbed species ^{1Reference 1Ishaq AR et al. · 2025Orientin: a natural glycoside with versatile pharmacological activitiesView study →}.

Clinical Trials

There are no clinical trials of isolated orientin. The entire evidence base is preclinical (cell and rodent). The nearest human-relevant data belong to a whole Passiflora extract in which orientin is only a marker ^{11Reference 11Grundmann O et al. · 2008Anxiolytic activity of a phytochemically characterized Passiflora incarnata extract is mediated via the GABAergic systemView study →}.

Last checked: July 2026.

Isolate vs. Plant Studies

The evidence divides cleanly. The mechanistic and protective work is the isolated molecule — the cardiomyocyte anti-apoptosis ^{7Reference 7Fu XC et al. · 2006Anti-apoptotic effect and the mechanism of orientin on ischaemic/reperfused myocardiumView study →}, the eNOS/NO infarction study ^{8Reference 8Li F et al. · 2017Orientin reduces myocardial infarction size via eNOS/NO signaling and thus mitigates adverse cardiac remodelingView study →}, the cortical-neuron OGD/RP experiments ^{5Reference 5Tian T et al. · 2018AnimalNeuroprotective effects of orientin on oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced cell injury in primary culture of rat cortical neuronsView study →} and the LPS/macrophage anti-inflammatory work ^{9Reference 9Xiao Q et al. · 2017Orientin ameliorates LPS-induced inflammatory responses through the inhibitory of the NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasomeView study →} all test orientin itself, which is a genuine strength for a mechanism base. The antioxidant data sit on both sides: the chickweed study isolated the four C-glycosylflavones and compared them head-to-head ^{3Reference 3Budzianowski J et al. · 1991Studies on antioxidative activity of some C-glycosylflavonesView study →}, while the motherwort finding is orientin acting within a whole-herb extract ^{4Reference 4Bernatoniene J et al. · 2014The effect of Leonurus cardiaca herb extract and some of its flavonoids on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the heartView study →}.

The one place a plant orientin marks has human-relevant activity is passionflower — and there the effect is explicitly the whole extract’s: an HPLC-characterised Passiflora incarnata extract (orientin among its markers) was anxiolytic via the GABAergic system, comparable to diazepam, in mice ^{11Reference 11Grundmann O et al. · 2008Anxiolytic activity of a phytochemically characterized Passiflora incarnata extract is mediated via the GABAergic systemView study →}. That effect cannot be assigned to orientin; the standard reading credits other flavonoids, and no isolated-orientin anxiolysis exists. So the correct framing is: solid isolate mechanism in heart/brain/immune cells + no human isolate data + a plant-level effect (passionflower) that is not orientin’s to claim.

Its Role in Plants

Orientin is a flavone C-glycoside built on the general flavonoid pathway. The flavone core comes from luteolin’s precursors, and the defining C-glycosylation is installed not on the finished flavone but on an intermediate: a 2-hydroxyflavanone produced by a flavanone 2-hydroxylase (F2H, a CYP93-family enzyme) is C-glucosylated by a C-glycosyltransferase (CGT), and dehydration then yields the flavone C-glycoside ^{12Reference 12Vanegas KG et al. · 2018Indirect and direct routes to C-glycosylated flavones in Saccharomyces cerevisiaeView study →}. Reconstructing this “indirect” route in yeast produces mixtures of the 6-C and 8-C isomers, with 3’-hydroxylation of the flavonoid shifting the balance toward the 8-C-glucoside, orientin ^{12Reference 12Vanegas KG et al. · 2018Indirect and direct routes to C-glycosylated flavones in Saccharomyces cerevisiaeView study →}. A “direct” route, in which certain CGTs glycosylate the finished flavone, also exists but tends to favour the 6-C products ^{12Reference 12Vanegas KG et al. · 2018Indirect and direct routes to C-glycosylated flavones in Saccharomyces cerevisiaeView study →}.

Functionally, C-glycosylflavones like orientin contribute to a plant’s antioxidant and UV-protective flavonoid pool and to stress and defence chemistry — the same radical-scavenging property that dominates the pharmacology. As with any constituent, this plant-biology role does not translate into a human-pharmacology claim.

Prevalence in Nature

Orientin is widespread but rarely dominant. It occurs across several plant families, typically as one of a set of co-occurring C-glycosylflavones (orientin, iso-orientin, vitexin, isovitexin). Documented sources include rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), millet, buckwheat sprouts, açaí, bamboo leaves (Phyllostachys spp.), and the aerial parts of holy basil, motherwort, passionflower and chickweed ^{1,2,3,4,11Reference 1Ishaq AR et al. · 2025Orientin: a natural glycoside with versatile pharmacological activitiesView study →Reference 2Fahmy MI et al. · 2025ReviewOrientin: a comprehensive review of a promising bioactive flavonoidView study →Reference 3Budzianowski J et al. · 1991Studies on antioxidative activity of some C-glycosylflavonesView study →Reference 4Bernatoniene J et al. · 2014The effect of Leonurus cardiaca herb extract and some of its flavonoids on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the heartView study →Reference 11Grundmann O et al. · 2008Anxiolytic activity of a phytochemically characterized Passiflora incarnata extract is mediated via the GABAergic systemView study →}.

Where it has been quantified, the levels are modest. In rooibos infusion, orientin is one of the main flavonoids at roughly 1.0–1.3 mg/g ^{14Reference 14Bramati L et al. · 2002Quantitative characterization of flavonoid compounds in Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) by LC-UV/DADView study →}. In bamboo leaf it is a minor C-glycoside, ranging from undetectable to about 0.07 mg/g across species — far below the co-occurring iso-orientin ^{15Reference 15Wang J et al. · 2012Rapid screening for flavone C-glycosides in the leaves of different species of bamboo and simultaneous quantitation of four marker compounds by HPLC-UV/DADView study →}. Reviews describe millet and passion-fruit peel/juice as comparatively rich sources, but without figures verifiable here (see the gaps tracker) ^{1,2Reference 1Ishaq AR et al. · 2025Orientin: a natural glycoside with versatile pharmacological activitiesView study →Reference 2Fahmy MI et al. · 2025ReviewOrientin: a comprehensive review of a promising bioactive flavonoidView study →}.

Major Natural Sources

Source	Plant part	Reported orientin content
Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis)	leaf infusion	~1.0–1.3 mg/g 14Reference 14Bramati L et al. · 2002Quantitative characterization of flavonoid compounds in Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) by LC-UV/DADView study →
Bamboo (Phyllostachys spp.)	leaves	0–0.07 mg/g 15Reference 15Wang J et al. · 2012Rapid screening for flavone C-glycosides in the leaves of different species of bamboo and simultaneous quantitation of four marker compounds by HPLC-UV/DADView study →
Millet, buckwheat sprouts, açaí	grain / sprout / fruit	reported, not quantified here 1,2Reference 1Ishaq AR et al. · 2025Orientin: a natural glycoside with versatile pharmacological activitiesView study →Reference 2Fahmy MI et al. · 2025ReviewOrientin: a comprehensive review of a promising bioactive flavonoidView study →
Passionflower, holy basil, motherwort, chickweed	aerial parts	marker constituent, not quantified here 3,4,11Reference 3Budzianowski J et al. · 1991Studies on antioxidative activity of some C-glycosylflavonesView study →Reference 4Bernatoniene J et al. · 2014The effect of Leonurus cardiaca herb extract and some of its flavonoids on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the heartView study →Reference 11Grundmann O et al. · 2008Anxiolytic activity of a phytochemically characterized Passiflora incarnata extract is mediated via the GABAergic systemView study →

These are content figures for the stated matrix (e.g. an infusion or dried leaf), not whole-plant percentages, and they shift with species, processing (e.g. fermented vs green rooibos) and method.

Discovery & Synthesis

Orientin is a long-known C-glycosylflavone whose name derives from Polygonum orientale, one of the plants from which it was characterised. The precise date and author of its first isolation are not well documented in the accessible literature, and it entered pharmacology as one of a cluster of flavone C-glycosides identified across many species through the 20th century.

Modern synthesis of orientin is chiefly of interest for supply and study rather than commerce: because direct chemical C-glycosylation is difficult, recent work reconstructs the biosynthetic route in engineered microbes — expressing a flavanone 2-hydroxylase together with a C-glycosyltransferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to build orientin (and its isomers) from flavonoid precursors ^{12Reference 12Vanegas KG et al. · 2018Indirect and direct routes to C-glycosylated flavones in Saccharomyces cerevisiaeView study →}. There is no large-scale commercial manufacture; material for research is obtained by extraction from rich sources (rooibos, bamboo leaf, millet) or by such biosynthetic routes.

Patents: not yet researched.

Toxicity & Safety

Orientin carries a low toxicity flag. It is a constituent of ordinary foods and beverages — millet, rooibos, and passionflower/holy-basil teas — consumed for generations without a specific safety signal attached to the molecule, and its poor absorption further limits systemic exposure ^{1,10Reference 1Ishaq AR et al. · 2025Orientin: a natural glycoside with versatile pharmacological activitiesView study →Reference 10Li X et al. · 2008AnimalPharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study of orientin in rat by liquid chromatographyView study →}. No isolate-specific toxicity, genotoxicity or repeat-dose package is characterised here, and there are no human safety data; the low rating reflects its dietary ubiquity and benign preclinical record, not a formal toxicology dossier.

Safety at a Glance

✅ Low / no toxicity

• Low-toxicity dietary flavonoid. A normal constituent of millet, rooibos and herbal teas, with no specific safety signal and limited systemic absorption ^{1,10Reference 1Ishaq AR et al. · 2025Orientin: a natural glycoside with versatile pharmacological activitiesView study →Reference 10Li X et al. · 2008AnimalPharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study of orientin in rat by liquid chromatographyView study →}.
• All evidence is preclinical. No human trials of the isolate exist — efficacy and safety in people are simply unknown.
• Poor bioavailability undercuts potency. In-vitro and rodent effects occur at exposures an oral dose may not reach; do not read the mechanistic results as a delivered human benefit ^{1,10Reference 1Ishaq AR et al. · 2025Orientin: a natural glycoside with versatile pharmacological activitiesView study →Reference 10Li X et al. · 2008AnimalPharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study of orientin in rat by liquid chromatographyView study →}.
• Marker, not proven active, in passionflower. Its presence does not make orientin responsible for a herb’s effect — the passionflower anxiolysis is the whole extract’s ^{11Reference 11Grundmann O et al. · 2008Anxiolytic activity of a phytochemically characterized Passiflora incarnata extract is mediated via the GABAergic systemView study →}.

Dosage

There is no established or recommended human dose for isolated orientin. The figures in the literature are preclinical: cell-culture concentrations (typically low micromolar) and rodent doses, including the 20 mg/kg intravenous dose used to map its pharmacokinetics ^{10Reference 10Li X et al. · 2008AnimalPharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study of orientin in rat by liquid chromatographyView study →}. None is convertible to human self-dosing, and the compound’s low oral bioavailability would in any case complicate translating a rodent dose to an oral human one ^{1,10Reference 1Ishaq AR et al. · 2025Orientin: a natural glycoside with versatile pharmacological activitiesView study →Reference 10Li X et al. · 2008AnimalPharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study of orientin in rat by liquid chromatographyView study →}.

Real human exposure is dietary and indirect — orientin arrives as one C-glycosylflavone within millet, rooibos, passionflower and holy-basil products, whose own dosing (as foods or standardised herbal extracts) is decided at the herb/product level, not the molecule level. These are research figures and food-exposure notes, not a personal recommendation.

References

1. Ishaq AR, et al. (2025). Orientin: a natural glycoside with versatile pharmacological activities. Natural Product Research. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39757367/
2. Fahmy MI, et al. (2025). Orientin: a comprehensive review of a promising bioactive flavonoid. Inflammopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40056319/
3. Budzianowski J, et al. (1991). Studies on antioxidative activity of some C-glycosylflavones. Polish Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacy. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1824129/
4. Bernatoniene J, et al. (2014). The effect of Leonurus cardiaca herb extract and some of its flavonoids on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the heart. Planta Medica. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24841965/
5. Tian T, et al. (2018). Neuroprotective effects of orientin on oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced cell injury in primary culture of rat cortical neurons. Experimental Biology and Medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29073777/
6. Fu XC, et al. (2007). [Protective effects of orientin on myocardial ischemia and hypoxia in animal models]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao (Journal of Southern Medical University). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17715018/
7. Fu XC, et al. (2006). Anti-apoptotic effect and the mechanism of orientin on ischaemic/reperfused myocardium. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16864433/
8. Li F, et al. (2017). Orientin reduces myocardial infarction size via eNOS/NO signaling and thus mitigates adverse cardiac remodeling. Frontiers in Pharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29311930/
9. Xiao Q, et al. (2017). Orientin ameliorates LPS-induced inflammatory responses through the inhibitory of the NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28197210/
10. Li X, et al. (2008). Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study of orientin in rat by liquid chromatography. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18395390/
11. Grundmann O, et al. (2008). Anxiolytic activity of a phytochemically characterized Passiflora incarnata extract is mediated via the GABAergic system. Planta Medica. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19006051/
12. Vanegas KG, et al. (2018). Indirect and direct routes to C-glycosylated flavones in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbial Cell Factories. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29986709/
13. Trettel CDS, et al. (2021). The mechanisms of calcium mobilization by procyanidins, flavonols and flavonoids from Cecropia glaziovii Snethl in pulmonary endothelial cell cultures endorse its popular use as vasodilator phytomedicine. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34610498/
14. Bramati L, et al. (2002). Quantitative characterization of flavonoid compounds in Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) by LC-UV/DAD. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12236672/
15. Wang J, et al. (2012). Rapid screening for flavone C-glycosides in the leaves of different species of bamboo and simultaneous quantitation of four marker compounds by HPLC-UV/DAD. International Journal of Analytical Chemistry. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22654910/

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