Jatrorrhizine

Jatrorrhizine at a Glance

Jatrorrhizine is a protoberberine isoquinoline alkaloid — one of the yellow alkaloids that travels with berberine in the roots and bark of Chinese goldthread, barberry and the Amur cork tree. Structurally it is a partially-demethylated congener of berberine and palmatine, and it is also one of berberine’s own metabolites, so much of its interest is as “berberine’s quieter relative.”

Its research profile is entirely preclinical but has a few genuinely distinctive threads. The best-developed is a hypolipidemic / cholesterol-lowering signal in rodents, running through the same LDL-receptor and bile-acid machinery as berberine ^{1,5,6,11Reference 1Zhong F et al. · 2021ReviewJatrorrhizine: a review of sources, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicityView study →Reference 5Wu H et al. · 2014The antihypercholesterolemic effect of jatrorrhizine isolated from Rhizoma CoptidisView study →Reference 6Yang W et al. · 2016AnimalJatrorrhizine hydrochloride attenuates hyperlipidemia in a high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse modelView study →Reference 11Kou S et al. · 2016Synergetic cholesterol-lowering effects of main alkaloids from Rhizoma Coptidis in HepG2 cells and hypercholesterolemia hamstersView study →}. The most surprising is that jatrorrhizine is a far more potent monoamine-oxidase-A inhibitor than berberine and produces antidepressant-like behaviour in mice ^{3,4Reference 3Kong LD et al. · 2001Monoamine oxidase inhibitors from rhizoma of Coptis chinensisView study →Reference 4Sun S et al. · 2019AnimalJatrorrhizine reduces 5-HT and NE uptake via inhibition of uptake-2 transporters and produces antidepressant-like action in miceView study →}. It also carries the protoberberine family’s antimicrobial and antifungal activity ^{1,8Reference 1Zhong F et al. · 2021ReviewJatrorrhizine: a review of sources, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicityView study →Reference 8Moody JO et al. · 1995In-vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of Enantia chlorantha Oliv. extractivesView study →}.

The honest headline is the one that frames the whole page: there are no clinical trials of isolated jatrorrhizine. Its human exposure is indirect — a minor constituent of goldthread/barberry preparations whose effects are usually attributed to berberine — and its own poor oral absorption tempers the in-vitro numbers ^{1,10Reference 1Zhong F et al. · 2021ReviewJatrorrhizine: a review of sources, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicityView study →Reference 10Shi R et al. · 2012Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of jatrorrhizine, a gastric prokinetic drug candidateView study →}.

Structure & Relationship to Berberine

Jatrorrhizine belongs to the protoberberine subclass of isoquinoline alkaloids, the same quaternary, planar, positively-charged scaffold as berberine, palmatine, columbamine and coptisine. The differences between these relatives are small substitutions on the aromatic rings: where berberine carries a methylenedioxy bridge and palmatine carries two methoxy groups on the A-ring, jatrorrhizine carries a free hydroxyl plus a methoxy — it is, in effect, a partially-demethylated protoberberine, the demethyl/hydroxy congener of palmatine and columbamine.

That free phenolic hydroxyl is not just bookkeeping. It changes the molecule’s polarity and metabolism, and it is the reason jatrorrhizine turns up as one of the metabolites of berberine in the body ^{1Reference 1Zhong F et al. · 2021ReviewJatrorrhizine: a review of sources, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicityView study →}. Like all the quaternary protoberberines, its permanent positive charge makes it poorly absorbed orally — a caveat that recurs throughout its pharmacology ^{1,10Reference 1Zhong F et al. · 2021ReviewJatrorrhizine: a review of sources, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicityView study →Reference 10Shi R et al. · 2012Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of jatrorrhizine, a gastric prokinetic drug candidateView study →}.

Hypolipidemic & Cholesterol-Lowering Activity

The strongest and most reproduced part of jatrorrhizine’s literature is lipid- and cholesterol-lowering, studied distinctly from berberine and mostly in rodent models.

In a high-fat-diet obesity model, jatrorrhizine hydrochloride (20–100 mg/kg) lowered body weight, total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol in mice, while raising HDL — an effect the authors traced to suppressed lipogenesis (SREBP-1c, FAS) and enhanced fatty-acid β-oxidation (PPAR-α, CPT1A) in the liver ^{6Reference 6Yang W et al. · 2016AnimalJatrorrhizine hydrochloride attenuates hyperlipidemia in a high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse modelView study →}. In Syrian hamsters, oral jatrorrhizine (~70 mg/kg) cut total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-C by roughly 20%, 43% and 19% respectively and raised faecal bile-acid excretion ^{5Reference 5Wu H et al. · 2014The antihypercholesterolemic effect of jatrorrhizine isolated from Rhizoma CoptidisView study →}. Mechanistic work in HepG2 liver cells shows the route: jatrorrhizine up-regulates the hepatic LDL receptor and CYP7A1 while down-regulating HMG-CoA reductase, i.e. it both slows cholesterol synthesis and speeds its clearance into bile — the same triad demonstrated for berberine and the other Coptis alkaloids ^{5,11Reference 5Wu H et al. · 2014The antihypercholesterolemic effect of jatrorrhizine isolated from Rhizoma CoptidisView study →Reference 11Kou S et al. · 2016Synergetic cholesterol-lowering effects of main alkaloids from Rhizoma Coptidis in HepG2 cells and hypercholesterolemia hamstersView study →}.

This is mechanistically the most “berberine-like” of jatrorrhizine’s activities, which is telling: the two molecules likely contribute to the metabolic effects historically credited to whole goldthread. The unavoidable caveat is that all of it is rodent/cell work on the isolate, and jatrorrhizine’s oral absorption is poor — so how much of a whole-herb metabolic effect it accounts for in humans is unknown ^{1,10Reference 1Zhong F et al. · 2021ReviewJatrorrhizine: a review of sources, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicityView study →Reference 10Shi R et al. · 2012Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of jatrorrhizine, a gastric prokinetic drug candidateView study →}.

MAO Inhibition & Antidepressant-Like Activity

The single most distinctive fact about jatrorrhizine is a reversal of the usual berberine hierarchy. In the rhizome of Coptis chinensis, three protoberberines were tested as monoamine-oxidase inhibitors, and jatrorrhizine was by far the most potent: it inhibited MAO-A with an IC₅₀ of ~4 µM and MAO-B at ~62 µM (both non-competitive), whereas berberine was weak (MAO-A IC₅₀ ~126 µM) and palmatine was inactive up to 200 µM ^{3Reference 3Kong LD et al. · 2001Monoamine oxidase inhibitors from rhizoma of Coptis chinensisView study →}. So on this axis the quiet relative outperforms berberine roughly thirty-fold.

That enzyme finding is backed by a behavioural study. In mice, jatrorrhizine (5–20 mg/kg i.p.) shortened immobility in the tail-suspension test — a classic antidepressant-like readout — and in transfected cells it inhibited the “uptake-2” monoamine transporters (OCT2, OCT3 and PMAT), reducing serotonin and noradrenaline uptake at low-micromolar potency ^{4Reference 4Sun S et al. · 2019AnimalJatrorrhizine reduces 5-HT and NE uptake via inhibition of uptake-2 transporters and produces antidepressant-like action in miceView study →}. In other words, jatrorrhizine has two complementary monoaminergic mechanisms — it slows the breakdown of monoamines (MAO-A) and slows a route of their re-uptake (uptake-2) — a combination not shared by berberine.

Gap: this is genuinely interesting but entirely preclinical, and it comes with a real safety flag rather than a therapeutic promise — a meaningful MAO-A inhibitor raises the theoretical concern about tyramine and serotonergic drug interactions (see Toxicity). No human antidepressant data exist ^{3,4Reference 3Kong LD et al. · 2001Monoamine oxidase inhibitors from rhizoma of Coptis chinensisView study →Reference 4Sun S et al. · 2019AnimalJatrorrhizine reduces 5-HT and NE uptake via inhibition of uptake-2 transporters and produces antidepressant-like action in miceView study →}.

Antimicrobial & Antifungal Activity

Jatrorrhizine carries the protoberberine family’s broad, in-vitro antimicrobial activity. In the classic bioassay-guided study of the West African tree Enantia chlorantha, jatrorrhizine chloride and palmatine chloride were isolated as the major antimicrobial constituents, and their minimum inhibitory concentrations were reported as superior to several established broad-spectrum antibiotics against some test organisms ^{8Reference 8Moody JO et al. · 1995In-vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of Enantia chlorantha Oliv. extractivesView study →}. Reviews add activity against Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA), Propionibacterium acnes, and — the antifungal thread — Candida albicans, C. tropicalis and the emerging pathogen C. auris, where jatrorrhizine drives cell-wall remodelling at low microgram levels though its outright MIC is high (~256 µg/mL) ^{1Reference 1Zhong F et al. · 2021ReviewJatrorrhizine: a review of sources, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicityView study →}.

Gap: these are in-vitro MICs, often at concentrations far above anything jatrorrhizine’s poor absorption could achieve systemically — so the plausible relevance is topical/enteric or as a chemical lead, not a systemic antibiotic or antifungal ^{1,8Reference 1Zhong F et al. · 2021ReviewJatrorrhizine: a review of sources, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicityView study →Reference 8Moody JO et al. · 1995In-vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of Enantia chlorantha Oliv. extractivesView study →}.

What It's Used For

Beyond the three signals above, jatrorrhizine has a scattering of antidiabetic, vascular and antimalarial preclinical data. The whole evidence base is rodent or in-vitro, on the isolated molecule, with no human trials — so the ranking below is deliberately modest.

Evidence by IndicationStrength of support · Beta

Support is an experimental score — weighted by study type (human > animal > in vitro) and volume, tempered for isolate-vs-plant match and bioavailability. A beta, not a validated metric. There is no human data for jatrorrhizine, so every score stays modest by design.

01Hypolipidemic / cholesterol-loweringShaky44%Multiple rodent isolate models + HepG2 mechanism (LDLR/CYP7A1/HMGCR) ^{5,6,11Reference 5Wu H et al. · 2014The antihypercholesterolemic effect of jatrorrhizine isolated from Rhizoma CoptidisView study →Reference 6Yang W et al. · 2016AnimalJatrorrhizine hydrochloride attenuates hyperlipidemia in a high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse modelView study →Reference 11Kou S et al. · 2016Synergetic cholesterol-lowering effects of main alkaloids from Rhizoma Coptidis in HepG2 cells and hypercholesterolemia hamstersView study →}

02Antidepressant-like / MAO-AShaky34%Potent MAO-A inhibition + mouse tail-suspension + uptake-2 block ^{3,4Reference 3Kong LD et al. · 2001Monoamine oxidase inhibitors from rhizoma of Coptis chinensisView study →Reference 4Sun S et al. · 2019AnimalJatrorrhizine reduces 5-HT and NE uptake via inhibition of uptake-2 transporters and produces antidepressant-like action in miceView study →}

03Antidiabetic / endothelialShaky32%Diabetic-obese rodent models; Akt/eNOS, ER-stress suppression ^{1,7Reference 1Zhong F et al. · 2021ReviewJatrorrhizine: a review of sources, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicityView study →Reference 7Zhou Y et al. · 2022Jatrorrhizine improves endothelial function in diabetes and obesity through suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stressView study →}

04Antimicrobial / antifungalShaky28%In-vitro; major antimicrobial principle of Enantia chlorantha ^{1,8Reference 1Zhong F et al. · 2021ReviewJatrorrhizine: a review of sources, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicityView study →Reference 8Moody JO et al. · 1995In-vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of Enantia chlorantha Oliv. extractivesView study →}

05AntimalarialShaky16%In-vitro potency near quinine, but inactive in vivo ^{9Reference 9Vennerstrom JL · 1988Protoberberine alkaloids as antimalarialsView study →}

Mechanisms

Pharmacokinetics

Jatrorrhizine is a quaternary, permanently-charged protoberberine, and its defining pharmacokinetic fact is poor oral absorption — a low apparent membrane-permeability coefficient and P-glycoprotein efflux keep systemic exposure low ^{1Reference 1Zhong F et al. · 2021ReviewJatrorrhizine: a review of sources, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicityView study →}. After intravenous dosing in rats it shows a biphasic decline with a large volume of distribution; elimination is by demethylation (via CYP3A1/2 and CYP2D2) and glucuronidation (UGT1A1, UGT1A3) ^{10Reference 10Shi R et al. · 2012Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of jatrorrhizine, a gastric prokinetic drug candidateView study →}. Reported terminal half-lives span a wide ~3.9–18 h depending on route and formulation, and brain penetration is limited but measurable ^{1,10Reference 1Zhong F et al. · 2021ReviewJatrorrhizine: a review of sources, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicityView study →Reference 10Shi R et al. · 2012Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of jatrorrhizine, a gastric prokinetic drug candidateView study →}. The practical reading is the same as for berberine: plasma levels stay low, so any real effect is likely exerted in the gut and liver, and in-vitro potencies (including the MAO and antimicrobial numbers) should be read against this absorption ceiling ^{1,10Reference 1Zhong F et al. · 2021ReviewJatrorrhizine: a review of sources, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicityView study →Reference 10Shi R et al. · 2012Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of jatrorrhizine, a gastric prokinetic drug candidateView study →}.

Clinical Trials

There are no clinical trials of isolated jatrorrhizine for any indication. The entire evidence base is preclinical; the closest development activity is its exploration as a gastric-prokinetic drug candidate, still at the pharmacokinetic/animal stage ^{10Reference 10Shi R et al. · 2012Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of jatrorrhizine, a gastric prokinetic drug candidateView study →}. Human exposure to jatrorrhizine occurs only as a minor alkaloid within whole goldthread/barberry/Phellodendron preparations, where berberine dominates.

Last checked: July 2026.

Isolate vs. Plant Studies

Jatrorrhizine sits firmly on the isolate side — but with an important twist. Almost all of its data (hypolipidemic, MAO/antidepressant, antimicrobial, antimalarial) come from the purified molecule in rodents or cells ^{4,5,6,8Reference 4Sun S et al. · 2019AnimalJatrorrhizine reduces 5-HT and NE uptake via inhibition of uptake-2 transporters and produces antidepressant-like action in miceView study →Reference 5Wu H et al. · 2014The antihypercholesterolemic effect of jatrorrhizine isolated from Rhizoma CoptidisView study →Reference 6Yang W et al. · 2016AnimalJatrorrhizine hydrochloride attenuates hyperlipidemia in a high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse modelView study →Reference 8Moody JO et al. · 1995In-vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of Enantia chlorantha Oliv. extractivesView study →}, so they describe jatrorrhizine itself, not a plant extract. The catch is the opposite of the usual caveat: jatrorrhizine is almost never consumed as an isolate. In real use it is a minor alkaloid inside goldthread, barberry or Phellodendron preparations that are overwhelmingly berberine — so a whole-herb effect is far more likely to reflect berberine (and the alkaloid mixture, including palmatine, coptisine and magnoflorine) than jatrorrhizine specifically. Read the isolate studies as evidence for the molecule’s potential, and the herb’s traditional record as evidence for the mixture, not for jatrorrhizine alone.

Prevalence in Nature

Jatrorrhizine occurs across the same alkaloid-rich families as berberine — Ranunculaceae (Coptis chinensis, C. deltoidea, C. teeta), Berberidaceae (Berberis and Mahonia species), Rutaceae (Phellodendron amurense, P. chinense), Menispermaceae (Tinospora sagittata, and Jateorhiza palmata, from which it is named) and Papaveraceae (Corydalis yanhusuo) ^{1Reference 1Zhong F et al. · 2021ReviewJatrorrhizine: a review of sources, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicityView study →}. It concentrates in roots, rhizomes and bark rather than leaves.

In practice it is a minor co-alkaloid: in the goldthread and cork-tree sources it accompanies far larger amounts of berberine, and its content as a percentage of dry weight is not well quantified in the literature ^{1Reference 1Zhong F et al. · 2021ReviewJatrorrhizine: a review of sources, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicityView study →}. It is also notable as a principal alkaloid — with palmatine — of the West African tree African yellowwood (Enantia chlorantha), where it was studied as an antimicrobial and antimalarial constituent ^{8,9Reference 8Moody JO et al. · 1995In-vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of Enantia chlorantha Oliv. extractivesView study →Reference 9Vennerstrom JL · 1988Protoberberine alkaloids as antimalarialsView study →}. Because reliable per-source concentration figures are lacking, no comparative content chart is drawn here; the missing numbers are logged in the compound’s gaps tracker.

Discovery & Synthesis

Jatrorrhizine takes its name from the genus Jateorhiza (calumba, Jateorhiza palmata), an East-African climbing plant whose root — a long-used bitter and digestive remedy — carries jatrorrhizine alongside palmatine and columbamine; the older spelling jateorhizine and the synonym neprotin both survive ^{1Reference 1Zhong F et al. · 2021ReviewJatrorrhizine: a review of sources, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicityView study →}. As with the wider protoberberine family, it was characterised in the era of nineteenth-/twentieth-century alkaloid chemistry as one of the yellow bases of these bitter roots.

Commercially, jatrorrhizine is not manufactured in any meaningful quantity: like berberine it is far cheaper to obtain by extraction from alkaloid-rich plants (Coptis, Phellodendron, Berberis) than to synthesise, and demand is limited to research quantities. It is most often encountered as a reference standard and as a natural constituent of goldthread-based products rather than as a stand-alone ingredient.

Patents: not yet researched (future patent-loop pass).

Toxicity & Safety

Jatrorrhizine carries a low toxicity flag on the available data — but that “low” rests on a thin, mostly-preclinical base, and one pharmacological property (potent MAO-A inhibition) makes drug interactions the more important consideration than direct toxicity.

Safety at a Glance

✅ Low / no toxicityDrug interactions

• Low acute toxicity in animals. Reported acute oral LD₅₀ around ~5,500 mg/kg in mice — several-fold higher (less toxic) than berberine — and a 90-day rodent study at ~70 mg/kg/day found no organ, haematology or histology abnormalities ^{1Reference 1Zhong F et al. · 2021ReviewJatrorrhizine: a review of sources, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicityView study →}.
• Potent MAO-A inhibition is a real interaction flag. As a low-micromolar MAO-A inhibitor with additional uptake-2 blockade, jatrorrhizine could in principle interact with tyramine-rich foods and with serotonergic/monoaminergic drugs — a theoretical but mechanistically grounded concern, not established in humans ^{3,4Reference 3Kong LD et al. · 2001Monoamine oxidase inhibitors from rhizoma of Coptis chinensisView study →Reference 4Sun S et al. · 2019AnimalJatrorrhizine reduces 5-HT and NE uptake via inhibition of uptake-2 transporters and produces antidepressant-like action in miceView study →}.
• Protoberberine-class cautions carry over. As a berberine relative it shares the family’s context — poor oral absorption, potential drug-metabolism interactions, and the class’s general caution around pregnancy and the newborn (adjudicated on the herb/product page, not here).
• No human safety data for the isolate. Silence is not safety: interactions, chronic use and reproductive effects of isolated jatrorrhizine are uncharacterised in people ^{1Reference 1Zhong F et al. · 2021ReviewJatrorrhizine: a review of sources, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicityView study →}.

Direct adverse-effect data for jatrorrhizine are limited to animal toxicology, where it reads as well tolerated at the doses studied ^{1Reference 1Zhong F et al. · 2021ReviewJatrorrhizine: a review of sources, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicityView study →}. The most defensible caution is pharmacological rather than toxicological: its MAO-A inhibition is potent enough (IC₅₀ ~4 µM) that a monoamine-oxidase-inhibitor interaction profile is plausible in principle, even though it has never been tested clinically ^{3Reference 3Kong LD et al. · 2001Monoamine oxidase inhibitors from rhizoma of Coptis chinensisView study →}. Reproductive and developmental effects of the isolated molecule are not characterised; as a plant constituent, any pregnancy/lactation decision belongs to the herb or product page where intake is actually decided, and the protoberberine class as a whole is treated cautiously there.

Dosage

There is no established or recommended human dose for isolated jatrorrhizine — it has never been through a clinical trial. The figures in the literature are preclinical research doses and do not convert to human self-dosing:

In real-world terms, human exposure to jatrorrhizine is indirect — as a minor alkaloid inside standardised goldthread, barberry or Phellodendron products that are dosed and studied for their berberine content, not for jatrorrhizine ^{1Reference 1Zhong F et al. · 2021ReviewJatrorrhizine: a review of sources, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicityView study →}. These are doses studied in research and are not a personal recommendation.

References

1. Zhong F, Chen Y, Chen J, Liao H, Li Y, Ma Y. (2021). Jatrorrhizine: a review of sources, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 783127. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35095493/
2. Rolle J, Asante DO, Kok-Fong LL, Boucetta H, Seidu TA, Tai LLK, Alolga RN. (2021). Jatrorrhizine: a review of its pharmacological effects. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 73(6), 709–719. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33822109/
3. Kong LD, Cheng CHK, Tan RX. (2001). Monoamine oxidase inhibitors from rhizoma of Coptis chinensis. Planta Medica, 67(1), 74–76. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11270727/
4. Sun S, Zhou S, Lei S, Zhu S, Wang K, Jiang H, Zhou H. (2019). Jatrorrhizine reduces 5-HT and NE uptake via inhibition of uptake-2 transporters and produces antidepressant-like action in mice. Xenobiotica, 49(10), 1237–1243. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30472912/
5. Wu H, He K, Wang Y, Xue D, Ning N, Zou Z, Ye X, Li X, Wang D, Pang J. (2014). The antihypercholesterolemic effect of jatrorrhizine isolated from Rhizoma Coptidis. Phytomedicine, 21(11), 1373–1381. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24894270/
6. Yang W, She L, Yu K, Yan S, Zhang X, Tian X, Ma S, Zhang X. (2016). Jatrorrhizine hydrochloride attenuates hyperlipidemia in a high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse model. Molecular Medicine Reports, 14(4), 3277–3284. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27573054/
7. Zhou Y, Wang Y, Vong CT, et al. (2022). Jatrorrhizine improves endothelial function in diabetes and obesity through suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(20), 12064. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36292919/
8. Moody JO, Bloomfield SF, Hylands PJ. (1995). In-vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of Enantia chlorantha Oliv. extractives. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 24(3), 269–273. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8798963/
9. Vennerstrom JL, Klayman DL. (1988). Protoberberine alkaloids as antimalarials. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 31(6), 1084–1087. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3286870/
10. Shi R, Zhou H, Ma B, Ma Y, Wu D, Wang X, Luo H, Cheng N. (2012). Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of jatrorrhizine, a gastric prokinetic drug candidate. Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition, 33(3), 135–145. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22344858/
11. Kou S, Han B, Wang Y, Huang T, He K, Han Y, Zhou X, Ye X, Li X. (2016). Synergetic cholesterol-lowering effects of main alkaloids from Rhizoma Coptidis in HepG2 cells and hypercholesterolemia hamsters. Life Sciences, 151, 50–60. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26876917/

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