Gotu Kola

What Is Gotu Kola?

Gotu kola is a low, creeping herb of the carrot family, valued in Ayurveda as a tonic for the mind and across Asia for healing the skin. In Ayurveda it is mandukaparni, a medhya rasayana taken for memory and mental clarity. In Chinese medicine it is ji xue cao, a cooling herb for heat in the skin, the urinary tract and the liver ^{28,30Reference 28Bone et al. · 2013Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy (2nd ed.)Reference 30She et al.She, M., Pu, F., Pan, Z., Watson, M., Cannon, J. F. M., & Holmes-Smith, I. Centella asiatica (Linnaeus) Urban — species description, habitat and distribution — flora. In Wu, Z. Y., & Raven, P. H. (eds.), Flora of China, Vol. 14 (Apiaceae). http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200015478View study →}.

Centella asiatica grows in wet, shady, grassy places and along rivers throughout the tropics and subtropics, rooting at its nodes as it spreads ^{30,31Reference 30She et al.She, M., Pu, F., Pan, Z., Watson, M., Cannon, J. F. M., & Holmes-Smith, I. Centella asiatica (Linnaeus) Urban — species description, habitat and distribution — flora. In Wu, Z. Y., & Raven, P. H. (eds.), Flora of China, Vol. 14 (Apiaceae). http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200015478View study →Reference 31North Carolina State University ExtensioCentella asiatica — plant profile — NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxView study →}. The leaves are also eaten, in salads and in rice and lentil dishes ^{31Reference 31North Carolina State University ExtensioCentella asiatica — plant profile — NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxView study →}.

The plant’s best-studied constituents are four triterpenes, asiaticoside, madecassoside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid. Research has looked at standardized extracts for venous circulation, wound and skin healing, anxiety and cognition, with the strongest human results in venous insufficiency and the weakest in cognition ^{2,3,4,5,6,7Reference 2Martínez-Zapata et al. · 2020Meta-analysisPhlebotonics for venous insufficiency — systematic review and meta-analysis (Cochrane)View study →Reference 3Incandela et al. · 2001RCTTreatment of diabetic microangiopathy and edema with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica — placebo-controlled randomised trialView study →Reference 4Cesarone et al. · 2001RCTEffects of the total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica in venous hypertensive microangiopathy — placebo-controlled randomised trialView study →Reference 5De Sanctis et al. · 2001RCTTreatment of edema and increased capillary filtration in venous hypertension with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica — randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trialView study →Reference 6Pointel et al. · 1987RCTTitrated extract of Centella asiatica (TECA) in the treatment of venous insufficiency of the lower limbs — multicentre double-blind randomised trialView study →Reference 7Puttarak et al. · 2017Meta-analysisEffects of Centella asiatica on cognitive function and mood — systematic review and meta-analysisView study →}.

In India the name brahmi is used for both gotu kola and bacopa (Bacopa monnieri), so a product sold as “Brahmi” may be either plant. In China gotu kola is sometimes mistaken for Dichondra micrantha, a creeping plant of the morning-glory family ^{30Reference 30She et al.She, M., Pu, F., Pan, Z., Watson, M., Cannon, J. F. M., & Holmes-Smith, I. Centella asiatica (Linnaeus) Urban — species description, habitat and distribution — flora. In Wu, Z. Y., & Raven, P. H. (eds.), Flora of China, Vol. 14 (Apiaceae). http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200015478View study →}.

How Is Gotu Kola Used?

Gotu kola is taken internally for the nerves and the circulation, and applied to the skin for wounds and skin complaints.

• Fresh leaf juice or dried herb powder — the traditional Ayurvedic tonic, taken daily in small amounts over long periods ^{28Reference 28Bone et al. · 2013Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy (2nd ed.)}.
• Infusion or 1:2 liquid extract — the Western herbal preparations of the dried aerial parts ^{28Reference 28Bone et al. · 2013Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy (2nd ed.)}.
• Standardized triterpene extracts — the capsules and tablets used in most clinical trials.
• Topical preparations — the dried herb as an infusion-soaked dressing or a powder for minor wounds, and creams and gels for scars and skin ageing ^{10,29Reference 10Kongkaew et al. · 2020Meta-analysisEfficacy and safety of Centella asiatica on wrinkles — systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trialsView study →Reference 29Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products ( · 2022ReviewEuropean Union herbal monograph on Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., herba — traditional-use monograph (EMA/HMPC/489142/2020)View study →}.
• Food — the fresh leaves, eaten as a vegetable ^{31Reference 31North Carolina State University ExtensioCentella asiatica — plant profile — NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxView study →}.

Traditional Uses

Ayurvedic Medicine

NameMandukaparni मण्डूकपर्णी

Rasa (taste)Tikta (Bitter)Kashaya (Astringent)

Virya (potency)Sheeta (Cooling)

DoshaPitta−Kapha−

Gotu kola is mandukaparni, “frog-leaf”, for the shape of the leaf. The whole fresh or dried aerial part is used. It is classed as a rasayana, a rejuvenative, and more specifically as a medhya rasayana, one of the small group of herbs held to nourish intellect, memory and clarity ^{28Reference 28Bone et al. · 2013Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy (2nd ed.)}.

It is bitter and astringent in taste, with a cooling potency, and is used to pacify pitta and kapha. It is given for mental fatigue, poor memory and disturbed sleep, and applied to skin disease and slow-healing wounds.

Preparation is simple: the fresh leaf juice, or the dried herb as a powder, taken daily over long periods in the manner of a tonic.

In India the name brahmi is applied to both Centella asiatica and Bacopa monnieri, and commercial “Brahmi” may be either. Both are medhya herbs, but they are unrelated plants: gotu kola’s actives are triterpene centellosides, and bacopa’s are bacosides.

Traditional Chinese Medicine

In Chinese medicine gotu kola (ji xue cao) is a heat-clearing, damp-draining herb. The aerial parts are used to clear damp-heat, cool the blood and stop bleeding, clear the liver and brighten the eyes ^{28Reference 28Bone et al. · 2013Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy (2nd ed.)}.

Its indications follow from those actions: hot, infected or weeping skin conditions, painful urination from heat, and liver-related eye complaints. It is used for an acute excess pattern rather than as a long-term tonic.

Western Herbal Medicine

Western herbal practice took up gotu kola comparatively recently. It uses the herb as a nervine, a depurative and a vulnerary, for connective-tissue and skin healing, taken internally as well as applied ^{28Reference 28Bone et al. · 2013Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy (2nd ed.)}.

The herb is given as a 1:2 liquid extract or as an infusion of the dried aerial parts.

Australian Folk Use: a Related Centella

In Australia the leaves of a closely related Centella were eaten for arthritis ^{28Reference 28Bone et al. · 2013Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy (2nd ed.)}.

Indications

• Chronic venous insufficiency, with leg heaviness and ankle swelling [standardized triterpene extract]
• Diabetic microangiopathy and swelling [standardized triterpene extract]
• Minor wounds [aerial parts, applied; EMA traditional use]
• Burns and scars [topical preparations]
• Wrinkles and skin ageing [topical and oral extracts]
• Anxiety and stress [dried herb; extract] ⚠Caution: The best trial tested a single 12 g dose on the startle reflex in healthy volunteers. The one study in generalized anxiety disorder had no placebo group ^12,13.
• Memory and mental clarity [whole herb; Ayurveda] ⚠Caution: A 2017 meta-analysis found no difference from placebo in any area of cognition. The only effects were more alertness and less anger one hour after a dose ⁷.
• Mental fatigue and disturbed sleep [whole herb; Ayurveda]
• Skin disease, including eczema [whole herb; Ayurveda]
• Hot, infected or weeping skin conditions [aerial parts; TCM]
• Painful urination with heat [aerial parts; TCM]
• Liver-related eye complaints [aerial parts; TCM]

Botany

Gotu kola is a low, creeping perennial herb in the carrot family (Apiaceae) ^{30Reference 30She et al.She, M., Pu, F., Pan, Z., Watson, M., Cannon, J. F. M., & Holmes-Smith, I. Centella asiatica (Linnaeus) Urban — species description, habitat and distribution — flora. In Wu, Z. Y., & Raven, P. H. (eds.), Flora of China, Vol. 14 (Apiaceae). http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200015478View study →}. Its stems creep along the ground and root at the nodes, spreading into a dense mat ^{31,32Reference 31North Carolina State University ExtensioCentella asiatica — plant profile — NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxView study →Reference 32NasirCentella asiatica (L.) Urban — species description and distribution — floraView study →}.

The leaves are round to kidney-shaped, 1–4.5 cm long and 1.5–5 cm wide, with a broadly heart-shaped base and a coarsely toothed edge. Each sits on a long stalk, usually 0.5–10 cm and occasionally up to 30 cm ^{30Reference 30She et al.She, M., Pu, F., Pan, Z., Watson, M., Cannon, J. F. M., & Holmes-Smith, I. Centella asiatica (Linnaeus) Urban — species description, habitat and distribution — flora. In Wu, Z. Y., & Raven, P. H. (eds.), Flora of China, Vol. 14 (Apiaceae). http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200015478View study →}.

The flowers are tiny and white or tinged with pink. They grow in small heads of three or four, on short stalks clustered in the leaf axils, just above the ground ^{30,31Reference 30She et al.She, M., Pu, F., Pan, Z., Watson, M., Cannon, J. F. M., & Holmes-Smith, I. Centella asiatica (Linnaeus) Urban — species description, habitat and distribution — flora. In Wu, Z. Y., & Raven, P. H. (eds.), Flora of China, Vol. 14 (Apiaceae). http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200015478View study →Reference 31North Carolina State University ExtensioCentella asiatica — plant profile — NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxView study →}. The fruit is small, 2–3 mm, with a network of ridges on its surface ^{30,32Reference 30She et al.She, M., Pu, F., Pan, Z., Watson, M., Cannon, J. F. M., & Holmes-Smith, I. Centella asiatica (Linnaeus) Urban — species description, habitat and distribution — flora. In Wu, Z. Y., & Raven, P. H. (eds.), Flora of China, Vol. 14 (Apiaceae). http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200015478View study →Reference 32NasirCentella asiatica (L.) Urban — species description and distribution — floraView study →}.

Unlike most of its family, gotu kola is not an aromatic plant, and none of its documented activity is attributed to its small volatile fraction.

Distribution

Gotu kola grows throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, including India, China, Southeast Asia, Japan, Korea, Africa and Australia ^{30,31,32Reference 30She et al.She, M., Pu, F., Pan, Z., Watson, M., Cannon, J. F. M., & Holmes-Smith, I. Centella asiatica (Linnaeus) Urban — species description, habitat and distribution — flora. In Wu, Z. Y., & Raven, P. H. (eds.), Flora of China, Vol. 14 (Apiaceae). http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200015478View study →Reference 31North Carolina State University ExtensioCentella asiatica — plant profile — NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxView study →Reference 32NasirCentella asiatica (L.) Urban — species description and distribution — floraView study →}. In southern China it grows at 200–1,900 m ^{30Reference 30She et al.She, M., Pu, F., Pan, Z., Watson, M., Cannon, J. F. M., & Holmes-Smith, I. Centella asiatica (Linnaeus) Urban — species description, habitat and distribution — flora. In Wu, Z. Y., & Raven, P. H. (eds.), Flora of China, Vol. 14 (Apiaceae). http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200015478View study →}.

It favours shady, wet, grassy places, swamps, ponds and river margins ^{30,31Reference 30She et al.She, M., Pu, F., Pan, Z., Watson, M., Cannon, J. F. M., & Holmes-Smith, I. Centella asiatica (Linnaeus) Urban — species description, habitat and distribution — flora. In Wu, Z. Y., & Raven, P. H. (eds.), Flora of China, Vol. 14 (Apiaceae). http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200015478View study →Reference 31North Carolina State University ExtensioCentella asiatica — plant profile — NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxView study →}. It is considered a highly invasive weed on several Pacific islands ^{31Reference 31North Carolina State University ExtensioCentella asiatica — plant profile — NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxView study →}.

Growing Conditions

Cultivation snapshot for Gotu Kola

Sunpart shade to full sun

ZoneUSDA 10–11 ^{31Reference 31North Carolina State University ExtensioCentella asiatica — plant profile — NC State Extension Gardener Plant ToolboxView study →}.

Lifecreeping perennial; grown as an annual or a container plant in cooler climates.

Watermoisture-loving — thrives in moist to wet ground and shallow water margins.

Habitlow mat-former spreading by rooting stolons; harvested as a leaf crop.

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Pharmacology & Research

The human research on gotu kola has concentrated on four areas: venous insufficiency, wound and skin healing, anxiety, and cognition ^{2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,24Reference 2Martínez-Zapata et al. · 2020Meta-analysisPhlebotonics for venous insufficiency — systematic review and meta-analysis (Cochrane)View study →Reference 3Incandela et al. · 2001RCTTreatment of diabetic microangiopathy and edema with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica — placebo-controlled randomised trialView study →Reference 4Cesarone et al. · 2001RCTEffects of the total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica in venous hypertensive microangiopathy — placebo-controlled randomised trialView study →Reference 5De Sanctis et al. · 2001RCTTreatment of edema and increased capillary filtration in venous hypertension with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica — randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trialView study →Reference 6Pointel et al. · 1987RCTTitrated extract of Centella asiatica (TECA) in the treatment of venous insufficiency of the lower limbs — multicentre double-blind randomised trialView study →Reference 7Puttarak et al. · 2017Meta-analysisEffects of Centella asiatica on cognitive function and mood — systematic review and meta-analysisView study →Reference 8Arribas-López et al. · 2022Systematic reviewA systematic review of the effect of Centella asiatica on wound healingView study →Reference 9Changsan et al. · 2023RCTWound healing efficacy of a polymeric spray film containing Centella asiatica leaf extract — multicentre randomised controlled trialView study →Reference 10Kongkaew et al. · 2020Meta-analysisEfficacy and safety of Centella asiatica on wrinkles — systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trialsView study →Reference 11Hur et al. · 2026RCTOral Centella asiatica extract on skin aging parameters in middle-aged women — randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialView study →Reference 12Bradwejn et al. · 2000RCTA double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of Gotu Kola on acoustic startle response in healthy subjects — randomised trialView study →Reference 13Jana et al. · 2010Clinical trialA clinical study on the management of generalized anxiety disorder with Centella asiatica — clinical trialView study →Reference 24Wattanathorn et al. · 2008RCTPositive modulation of cognition and mood in the healthy elderly following Centella asiatica — randomised, placebo-controlled trialView study →}.

The venous trials tested a standardized total triterpene fraction (TTFCA, also called TECA) in a series of small placebo-controlled studies from 1987 onward ^{3,4,5,6Reference 3Incandela et al. · 2001RCTTreatment of diabetic microangiopathy and edema with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica — placebo-controlled randomised trialView study →Reference 4Cesarone et al. · 2001RCTEffects of the total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica in venous hypertensive microangiopathy — placebo-controlled randomised trialView study →Reference 5De Sanctis et al. · 2001RCTTreatment of edema and increased capillary filtration in venous hypertension with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica — randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trialView study →Reference 6Pointel et al. · 1987RCTTitrated extract of Centella asiatica (TECA) in the treatment of venous insufficiency of the lower limbs — multicentre double-blind randomised trialView study →}. Wound healing, skin ageing and anxiety have smaller human signals ^{8,9,10,11,12,13Reference 8Arribas-López et al. · 2022Systematic reviewA systematic review of the effect of Centella asiatica on wound healingView study →Reference 9Changsan et al. · 2023RCTWound healing efficacy of a polymeric spray film containing Centella asiatica leaf extract — multicentre randomised controlled trialView study →Reference 10Kongkaew et al. · 2020Meta-analysisEfficacy and safety of Centella asiatica on wrinkles — systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trialsView study →Reference 11Hur et al. · 2026RCTOral Centella asiatica extract on skin aging parameters in middle-aged women — randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialView study →Reference 12Bradwejn et al. · 2000RCTA double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of Gotu Kola on acoustic startle response in healthy subjects — randomised trialView study →Reference 13Jana et al. · 2010Clinical trialA clinical study on the management of generalized anxiety disorder with Centella asiatica — clinical trialView study →}. A 2017 meta-analysis found no effect on cognition, apart from brief improvements in alertness and mood ^{7Reference 7Puttarak et al. · 2017Meta-analysisEffects of Centella asiatica on cognitive function and mood — systematic review and meta-analysisView study →}.

A deep preclinical literature links these effects to four triterpenes, or centellosides: asiaticoside, madecassoside, and their acids, asiatic acid and madecassic acid ^{1,16,17,18,19Reference 1Orhan · 2012ReviewCentella asiatica (L.) Urban: From traditional medicine to modern medicine with neuroprotective potential — reviewView study →Reference 16Shukla et al. · 1999AnimalAsiaticoside-induced elevation of antioxidant levels in healing wounds — animal (rat) modelView study →Reference 17Liu et al. · 2008AnimalMadecassoside isolated from Centella asiatica facilitates burn wound healing in mice — animal modelView study →Reference 18Won et al. · 2010In vitroAnti-inflammatory effects of madecassic acid via suppression of the NF-κB pathway in LPS-induced macrophages — in vitroView study →Reference 19Matthews et al. · 2019AnimalCentella asiatica improves memory and promotes antioxidative NRF2 signaling in 5XFAD mice — animal modelView study →}.

1. Venous Insufficiency & Microangiopathy

The standardized total triterpenic fraction (TTFCA/TECA) has been tested in a series of small placebo-controlled trials in chronic venous insufficiency and venous or diabetic microangiopathy.

In a double-blind trial of 94 patients, TECA at 60 or 120 mg/day for two months improved leg heaviness, oedema and the patient’s overall rating compared with placebo. Venous distensibility improved in the treated groups and worsened on placebo ^{6Reference 6Pointel et al. · 1987RCTTitrated extract of Centella asiatica (TECA) in the treatment of venous insufficiency of the lower limbs — multicentre double-blind randomised trialView study →}.

In 40 patients with venous hypertension, 60 mg twice daily for eight weeks lowered resting flux and the rate of ankle swelling, and signs and symptoms improved ^{4Reference 4Cesarone et al. · 2001RCTEffects of the total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica in venous hypertensive microangiopathy — placebo-controlled randomised trialView study →}. A four-week dose-ranging trial in 52 patients compared 30 mg and 60 mg three times daily with placebo. Capillary filtration, ankle circumference and ankle oedema all fell, and 180 mg/day worked better than 90 mg/day ^{5Reference 5De Sanctis et al. · 2001RCTTreatment of edema and increased capillary filtration in venous hypertension with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica — randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trialView study →}. A 12-month trial of 60 mg twice daily in diabetic microangiopathy reduced resting flux, capillary filtration and oedema ^{3Reference 3Incandela et al. · 2001RCTTreatment of diabetic microangiopathy and edema with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica — placebo-controlled randomised trialView study →}.

The 2020 Cochrane review of phlebotonics included two trials of Centella asiatica. For the drug class as a whole, it found moderate-certainty evidence that phlebotonics probably reduce oedema slightly compared with placebo, and little or no effect on quality of life ^{2Reference 2Martínez-Zapata et al. · 2020Meta-analysisPhlebotonics for venous insufficiency — systematic review and meta-analysis (Cochrane)View study →}.

The trials are small, the three 2001 trials come from one research group, and all of them used a standardized fraction rather than the crude herb ^{3,4,5,6Reference 3Incandela et al. · 2001RCTTreatment of diabetic microangiopathy and edema with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica — placebo-controlled randomised trialView study →Reference 4Cesarone et al. · 2001RCTEffects of the total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica in venous hypertensive microangiopathy — placebo-controlled randomised trialView study →Reference 5De Sanctis et al. · 2001RCTTreatment of edema and increased capillary filtration in venous hypertension with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica — randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trialView study →Reference 6Pointel et al. · 1987RCTTitrated extract of Centella asiatica (TECA) in the treatment of venous insufficiency of the lower limbs — multicentre double-blind randomised trialView study →}.

Gap: no large multicentre RCT or hard-outcome (ulcer-healing) data, and the results apply to the standardized fraction, not tea or tincture.

2. Wound & Scar Healing

Wound healing is the classic traditional use. In rat wounds, topical asiaticoside raised wound-tissue antioxidants over seven days (superoxide dismutase +35%, catalase +67%, glutathione peroxidase +49%) and cut lipid peroxides ^{16Reference 16Shukla et al. · 1999AnimalAsiaticoside-induced elevation of antioxidant levels in healing wounds — animal (rat) modelView study →}.

Oral madecassoside sped burn-wound closure in mice, with more hydroxyproline (a collagen marker), more new blood vessels and less inflammatory infiltrate ^{17Reference 17Liu et al. · 2008AnimalMadecassoside isolated from Centella asiatica facilitates burn wound healing in mice — animal modelView study →}.

In people, a 2022 systematic review found four clinical trials. It concluded that C. asiatica might enhance wound healing, possibly through collagen I, FGF and VEGF stimulation and reduced IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and COX-2, and that more studies are needed before a meta-analysis is possible ^{8Reference 8Arribas-López et al. · 2022Systematic reviewA systematic review of the effect of Centella asiatica on wound healingView study →}.

A 2023 multicentre RCT of 60 people with clean-contaminated acute wounds found that a spray film containing the four triterpenes improved wound-healing scores. Average healing time was 4.6 days, against 4.9 days in the control group ^{9Reference 9Changsan et al. · 2023RCTWound healing efficacy of a polymeric spray film containing Centella asiatica leaf extract — multicentre randomised controlled trialView study →}.

The European Medicines Agency’s traditional-use monograph covers the dried herb applied to the skin, as an infusion-soaked dressing or a powder, to aid the healing of minor wounds for up to a week ^{29Reference 29Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products ( · 2022ReviewEuropean Union herbal monograph on Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., herba — traditional-use monograph (EMA/HMPC/489142/2020)View study →}.

Gap: the human evidence is for standardized topical preparations; oral whole-herb wound data are thin.

3. Anti-Inflammatory

Anti-inflammatory activity links the wound, venous and neuroprotective findings, and it is well characterized at the molecular level. In LPS-stimulated macrophages, madecassic acid suppressed nitric oxide, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, downregulated iNOS and COX-2, and inhibited NF-κB activation. It was more potent than madecassoside ^{18Reference 18Won et al. · 2010In vitroAnti-inflammatory effects of madecassic acid via suppression of the NF-κB pathway in LPS-induced macrophages — in vitroView study →}.

The same cytokine and COX-2 suppression is reported in the human wound-healing review ^{8Reference 8Arribas-López et al. · 2022Systematic reviewA systematic review of the effect of Centella asiatica on wound healingView study →}.

The evidence is preclinical but consistent. No trial has measured inflammatory markers in people taking the herb by mouth.

4. Skin Aging

Standardized extracts show modest anti-ageing effects on the skin. A 2020 systematic review and network meta-analysis of five double-blind RCTs (172 Asian women) found that topical C. asiatica or asiaticoside, applied for 8–12 weeks, improved wrinkles around the eyes and lips and markedly raised skin hydration. It appeared more effective than Pueraria mirifica and possibly less effective than tretinoin, with fewer adverse events than tretinoin ^{10Reference 10Kongkaew et al. · 2020Meta-analysisEfficacy and safety of Centella asiatica on wrinkles — systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trialsView study →}.

A 2026 RCT in 112 middle-aged Korean women tested an oral extract at 200 mg/day for 12 weeks. Wrinkle depth fell by 11–14% from baseline. Elasticity and brightness improved more than on placebo, but the changes were small ^{11Reference 11Hur et al. · 2026RCTOral Centella asiatica extract on skin aging parameters in middle-aged women — randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialView study →}.

The trials are short, the oral trial was run with the extract’s manufacturer, and because the preparations are proprietary, a result for one product says little about another.

5. Antioxidant

Antioxidant activity is one of gotu kola’s most reproducible preclinical properties. In rat wound tissue, asiaticoside raised superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, vitamin E and vitamin C while cutting lipid peroxidation ^{16Reference 16Shukla et al. · 1999AnimalAsiaticoside-induced elevation of antioxidant levels in healing wounds — animal (rat) modelView study →}.

In Alzheimer’s-model mice, a water extract activated the NRF2 antioxidant-response pathway and increased antioxidant gene expression in the brain ^{14,19Reference 14Gray et al. · 2018AnimalCentella asiatica attenuates hippocampal mitochondrial dysfunction and improves memory and executive function in β-amyloid overexpressing mice — animal modelView study →Reference 19Matthews et al. · 2019AnimalCentella asiatica improves memory and promotes antioxidative NRF2 signaling in 5XFAD mice — animal modelView study →}.

The 2012 Orhan review catalogues consistent radical-scavenging and lipid-peroxidation-lowering effects across models ^{1Reference 1Orhan · 2012ReviewCentella asiatica (L.) Urban: From traditional medicine to modern medicine with neuroprotective potential — reviewView study →}.

The one human antioxidant endpoint is a 2026 RCT in which 300 mg/day of an extract for six months raised macular pigment optical density, a nutrition-responsive marker of the eye’s antioxidant status ^{15Reference 15Baek et al. · 2026RCTLong-term supplementation with Centella asiatica extract (CA-HE50) on macular pigment optical density — randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialView study →}.

6. Anxiety & Mood

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 40 healthy adults, a single 12 g oral dose of gotu kola reduced the acoustic startle response 30 and 60 minutes after dosing. It had no effect on self-rated mood, heart rate or blood pressure ^{12Reference 12Bradwejn et al. · 2000RCTA double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of Gotu Kola on acoustic startle response in healthy subjects — randomised trialView study →}.

An uncontrolled study in generalized anxiety disorder (33 people, 500 mg of extract twice daily for 60 days) reported reduced anxiety, stress and depression scores ^{13Reference 13Jana et al. · 2010Clinical trialA clinical study on the management of generalized anxiety disorder with Centella asiatica — clinical trialView study →}. The 2017 cognition and mood meta-analysis found that C. asiatica improved alertness and reduced anger one hour after dosing ^{7Reference 7Puttarak et al. · 2017Meta-analysisEffects of Centella asiatica on cognitive function and mood — systematic review and meta-analysisView study →}.

A 2026 scoping review of mood disorders found three small human studies (91 people in total) and judged the evidence too limited for meta-analysis ^{20Reference 20Pedregosa et al. · 2026ReviewTherapeutic potential of Gotu Kola, phosphatidylcholine and taurine in mood disorders — systematic scoping reviewView study →}.

Gap: the strongest data are acute and single-dose; no adequately powered RCT tests sustained treatment of a diagnosed anxiety disorder.

7. Neuroprotection

Neuroprotection is an active preclinical research area, particularly for Alzheimer’s disease. A water extract of C. asiatica improved memory and executive function in β-amyloid-overexpressing 5xFAD mice, improved hippocampal mitochondrial function and activated NRF2-regulated antioxidant genes ^{14,19Reference 14Gray et al. · 2018AnimalCentella asiatica attenuates hippocampal mitochondrial dysfunction and improves memory and executive function in β-amyloid overexpressing mice — animal modelView study →Reference 19Matthews et al. · 2019AnimalCentella asiatica improves memory and promotes antioxidative NRF2 signaling in 5XFAD mice — animal modelView study →}.

Asiatic acid shows neuroprotective activity in models of cerebral ischaemia, spinal cord injury, epilepsy, brain injury, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease ^{21Reference 21Ding et al. · 2023ReviewNeuroprotective mechanisms of asiatic acid — reviewView study →}.

The 2012 Orhan review describes acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibition in vitro, reduced lipid peroxidation, increased dendritic branching in rodent neurons, and raised Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity in an epilepsy model ^{1Reference 1Orhan · 2012ReviewCentella asiatica (L.) Urban: From traditional medicine to modern medicine with neuroprotective potential — reviewView study →}.

All of this is preclinical.

Gap: no human neuroprotection trial exists. In people, the parent glycosides are poorly absorbed, and their acids reach the blood instead ^{22,23Reference 22Songvut et al. · 2019Clinical trialSafety and pharmacokinetics of standardized extract of Centella asiatica (ECa 233) capsules in healthy volunteers — phase 1 clinical trialView study →Reference 23Songvut et al. · 2021Clinical trialPharmacokinetics and metabolomics of an orally modified formula of standardized Centella asiatica extract in healthy volunteers — clinical trialView study →}.

8. Cognitive Enhancement

The 2017 systematic review and meta-analysis covered five RCTs of C. asiatica alone and six of products containing it. It found no significant difference from placebo in any cognitive domain. The only effects were improved alertness and reduced anger one hour after a dose ^{7Reference 7Puttarak et al. · 2017Meta-analysisEffects of Centella asiatica on cognitive function and mood — systematic review and meta-analysisView study →}.

The most cited positive trial gave 28 healthy older adults 250, 500 or 750 mg of extract daily for two months. Working memory improved only at the highest dose ^{24Reference 24Wattanathorn et al. · 2008RCTPositive modulation of cognition and mood in the healthy elderly following Centella asiatica — randomised, placebo-controlled trialView study →}.

Strong animal data sit alongside null human results for cognition.

Gap: the human meta-analysis is null for cognition; the positive signal comes from one dose in one small trial, and no large confirmatory RCT exists.

9. Hepatoprotective

Liver-protective claims rest on animal and cell models. C. asiatica juice killed human liver-cancer cells (HepG2) in a dose-dependent way and altered oncogene expression (c-myc, c-fos, c-erbB2), without harming normal cells ^{25Reference 25Hussin et al. · 2014In vitroCentella asiatica juice effects on DNA damage, apoptosis and gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma — in vitroView study →}. Madecassoside at 20–40 mg/kg for ten days protected mice against LPS/D-galactosamine liver failure by suppressing inflammation ^{26Reference 26Wang et al. · 2018AnimalMadecassoside prevents acute liver failure in LPS/D-GalN-induced mice — animal modelView study →}.

In the other direction, a review of 23 published cases of supplement-related liver injury in Latin America found Centella asiatica among the most often reported products. Weight loss was the main reason people took these supplements, and the cases were mostly in young women, with hepatocellular damage ^{27Reference 27Santos et al. · 2021Systematic reviewProfile of herbal and dietary supplement-induced liver injury in Latin America — systematic reviewView study →}.

Gap: no human liver-protection data; the preclinical signal sits alongside human case reports of liver injury, so the net effect on the liver is uncertain.

Mechanisms

The centellosides have been studied for their effects on collagen I synthesis and the growth of new blood vessels (VEGF, FGF), and for their suppression of NF-κB, COX-2 and inflammatory cytokines. These actions relate to the wound, scar and venous findings.

The neuroprotective findings are preclinical. In people, asiaticoside and madecassoside are poorly absorbed intact and reach the blood mainly as asiatic acid and madecassic acid ^{22,23Reference 22Songvut et al. · 2019Clinical trialSafety and pharmacokinetics of standardized extract of Centella asiatica (ECa 233) capsules in healthy volunteers — phase 1 clinical trialView study →Reference 23Songvut et al. · 2021Clinical trialPharmacokinetics and metabolomics of an orally modified formula of standardized Centella asiatica extract in healthy volunteers — clinical trialView study →}.

Clinical Trials

Gotu kola’s clinical trials concentrate on venous insufficiency, wound and skin healing, and small anxiety and cognition studies. Most used standardized extracts rather than the whole herb, and the microangiopathy trials come mainly from one research group ^{3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,24Reference 3Incandela et al. · 2001RCTTreatment of diabetic microangiopathy and edema with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica — placebo-controlled randomised trialView study →Reference 4Cesarone et al. · 2001RCTEffects of the total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica in venous hypertensive microangiopathy — placebo-controlled randomised trialView study →Reference 5De Sanctis et al. · 2001RCTTreatment of edema and increased capillary filtration in venous hypertension with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica — randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trialView study →Reference 6Pointel et al. · 1987RCTTitrated extract of Centella asiatica (TECA) in the treatment of venous insufficiency of the lower limbs — multicentre double-blind randomised trialView study →Reference 7Puttarak et al. · 2017Meta-analysisEffects of Centella asiatica on cognitive function and mood — systematic review and meta-analysisView study →Reference 8Arribas-López et al. · 2022Systematic reviewA systematic review of the effect of Centella asiatica on wound healingView study →Reference 9Changsan et al. · 2023RCTWound healing efficacy of a polymeric spray film containing Centella asiatica leaf extract — multicentre randomised controlled trialView study →Reference 10Kongkaew et al. · 2020Meta-analysisEfficacy and safety of Centella asiatica on wrinkles — systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trialsView study →Reference 11Hur et al. · 2026RCTOral Centella asiatica extract on skin aging parameters in middle-aged women — randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialView study →Reference 12Bradwejn et al. · 2000RCTA double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of Gotu Kola on acoustic startle response in healthy subjects — randomised trialView study →Reference 13Jana et al. · 2010Clinical trialA clinical study on the management of generalized anxiety disorder with Centella asiatica — clinical trialView study →Reference 24Wattanathorn et al. · 2008RCTPositive modulation of cognition and mood in the healthy elderly following Centella asiatica — randomised, placebo-controlled trialView study →}.

Last checked: July 2026.

Phytochemistry

The characteristic constituents of Centella asiatica are four triterpenes, the centellosides: the saponin glycosides asiaticoside and madecassoside, and their aglycone acids asiatic acid and madecassic acid. These four are the markers used to standardize extracts ^{1,28Reference 1Orhan · 2012ReviewCentella asiatica (L.) Urban: From traditional medicine to modern medicine with neuroprotective potential — reviewView study →Reference 28Bone et al. · 2013Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy (2nd ed.)}.

Centelloside content varies widely with the source, growing conditions and plant part. Madecassoside is usually the most abundant of the four, at about 0.15–5.3% of the dry herb, and asiatic acid the least, at up to about 0.3% ^{28Reference 28Bone et al. · 2013Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy (2nd ed.)}.

In people, asiaticoside and madecassoside are poorly absorbed. They are converted to asiatic acid and madecassic acid, which reach the blood and accumulate with repeated doses ^{22,23Reference 22Songvut et al. · 2019Clinical trialSafety and pharmacokinetics of standardized extract of Centella asiatica (ECa 233) capsules in healthy volunteers — phase 1 clinical trialView study →Reference 23Songvut et al. · 2021Clinical trialPharmacokinetics and metabolomics of an orally modified formula of standardized Centella asiatica extract in healthy volunteers — clinical trialView study →}.

The plant also contains further triterpenes, flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol, polysaccharides, sterols and phenolic acids ^{1Reference 1Orhan · 2012ReviewCentella asiatica (L.) Urban: From traditional medicine to modern medicine with neuroprotective potential — reviewView study →}.

A small volatile oil is dominated by the sesquiterpene α-copaene, with minor monoterpenes including α-pinene and phellandrene ^{1Reference 1Orhan · 2012ReviewCentella asiatica (L.) Urban: From traditional medicine to modern medicine with neuroprotective potential — reviewView study →}.

Constituent Summary

Amounts are % of dry herb across surveyed samples ^{28Reference 28Bone et al. · 2013Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy (2nd ed.)}; extract grades are standardized far higher.

Dosage

Most clinical trials used a standardized extract, such as the total triterpenic fraction (TTFCA/TECA) or ECa 233, or a defined topical. The research doses and the traditional doses below are for different preparations.

Research Doses

Traditional Dosage

Safety & Pregnancy

Gotu kola is well tolerated in trials lasting up to 12 months. The rare problems are liver injury in supplement users and skin allergy with topical use.

Full Safety & Interactions Detail

Tolerability. The standardized triterpene fraction caused no significant side effects in trials lasting 4 weeks to 12 months ^{3,4,5Reference 3Incandela et al. · 2001RCTTreatment of diabetic microangiopathy and edema with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica — placebo-controlled randomised trialView study →Reference 4Cesarone et al. · 2001RCTEffects of the total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica in venous hypertensive microangiopathy — placebo-controlled randomised trialView study →Reference 5De Sanctis et al. · 2001RCTTreatment of edema and increased capillary filtration in venous hypertension with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica — randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trialView study →}. Single and repeated doses of ECa 233, at 250 and 500 mg, were well tolerated in healthy volunteers ^{22Reference 22Songvut et al. · 2019Clinical trialSafety and pharmacokinetics of standardized extract of Centella asiatica (ECa 233) capsules in healthy volunteers — phase 1 clinical trialView study →}.

Skin allergy. The European Medicines Agency lists allergy to gotu kola or to other plants of the carrot family (Apiaceae) as a reason not to use it ^{29Reference 29Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products ( · 2022ReviewEuropean Union herbal monograph on Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., herba — traditional-use monograph (EMA/HMPC/489142/2020)View study →}. In one wrinkle trial, gotu kola had fewer adverse events than tretinoin ^{10Reference 10Kongkaew et al. · 2020Meta-analysisEfficacy and safety of Centella asiatica on wrinkles — systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trialsView study →}.

Liver. In a review of 23 published cases of supplement-related liver injury in Latin America, Centella asiatica was among the most often reported products. Weight loss was the main reason these supplements were taken, and multi-ingredient products make the cause hard to pin down ^{27Reference 27Santos et al. · 2021Systematic reviewProfile of herbal and dietary supplement-induced liver injury in Latin America — systematic reviewView study →}. People with liver disease should avoid it, and anyone who develops signs of liver trouble should stop.

Blood sugar and lipids. The 2012 Orhan review notes that the plant may raise blood sugar and lipid levels, and advises people with diabetes or high blood lipids to take care with it ^{1Reference 1Orhan · 2012ReviewCentella asiatica (L.) Urban: From traditional medicine to modern medicine with neuroprotective potential — reviewView study →}.

Children. The European Medicines Agency does not recommend topical use under 18 years, because of a lack of data ^{29Reference 29Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products ( · 2022ReviewEuropean Union herbal monograph on Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., herba — traditional-use monograph (EMA/HMPC/489142/2020)View study →}.

Drug interactions. No interactions have been reported, and no dedicated human interaction study has been done ^{1,29Reference 1Orhan · 2012ReviewCentella asiatica (L.) Urban: From traditional medicine to modern medicine with neuroprotective potential — reviewView study →Reference 29Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products ( · 2022ReviewEuropean Union herbal monograph on Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., herba — traditional-use monograph (EMA/HMPC/489142/2020)View study →}.

Drug metabolism. In laboratory tests a water extract of gotu kola caused at most weak inhibition of the liver’s drug-metabolising enzymes, strongest for CYP2C9, and did not induce CYP1A2, CYP2B6 or CYP3A4 ^{33Reference 33Wright et al. · 2020In vitroCentella asiatica water extract shows low potential for cytochrome P450-mediated drug interactions — in vitro studyView study →}.

References

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2. Martínez-Zapata, M. J., et al. (2020). Phlebotonics for venous insufficiency — systematic review and meta-analysis (Cochrane). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33141449/
3. Incandela, L., et al. (2001). Treatment of diabetic microangiopathy and edema with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica — placebo-controlled randomised trial. Angiology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11666119/
4. Cesarone, M. R., et al. (2001). Effects of the total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica in venous hypertensive microangiopathy — placebo-controlled randomised trial. Angiology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11666117/
5. De Sanctis, M. T., et al. (2001). Treatment of edema and increased capillary filtration in venous hypertension with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica — randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial. Angiology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11666125/
6. Pointel, J. P., et al. (1987). Titrated extract of Centella asiatica (TECA) in the treatment of venous insufficiency of the lower limbs — multicentre double-blind randomised trial. Angiology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3544968/
7. Puttarak, P., et al. (2017). Effects of Centella asiatica on cognitive function and mood — systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28878245/
8. Arribas-López, E., et al. (2022). A systematic review of the effect of Centella asiatica on wound healing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35328954/
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10. Kongkaew, C., et al. (2020). Efficacy and safety of Centella asiatica on wrinkles — systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Journal of Cosmetic Science. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33413787/
11. Hur, N., et al. (2026). Oral Centella asiatica extract on skin aging parameters in middle-aged women — randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42196964/
12. Bradwejn, J., et al. (2000). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of Gotu Kola on acoustic startle response in healthy subjects — randomised trial. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11106141/
13. Jana, U., et al. (2010). A clinical study on the management of generalized anxiety disorder with Centella asiatica — clinical trial. Nepal Medical College Journal. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20677602/
14. Gray, N. E., et al. (2018). Centella asiatica attenuates hippocampal mitochondrial dysfunction and improves memory and executive function in β-amyloid overexpressing mice — animal model. Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30253196/
15. Baek, H. I., et al. (2026). Long-term supplementation with Centella asiatica extract (CA-HE50) on macular pigment optical density — randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41901080/
16. Shukla, A., et al. (1999). Asiaticoside-induced elevation of antioxidant levels in healing wounds — animal (rat) model. Phytotherapy Research. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10189951/
17. Liu, M., et al. (2008). Madecassoside isolated from Centella asiatica facilitates burn wound healing in mice — animal model. Planta Medica. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18484522/
18. Won, J. H., et al. (2010). Anti-inflammatory effects of madecassic acid via suppression of the NF-κB pathway in LPS-induced macrophages — in vitro. Planta Medica. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19774506/
19. Matthews, D. G., et al. (2019). Centella asiatica improves memory and promotes antioxidative NRF2 signaling in 5XFAD mice — animal model. Antioxidants. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31817977/
20. Pedregosa, B. I. C., et al. (2026). Therapeutic potential of Gotu Kola, phosphatidylcholine and taurine in mood disorders — systematic scoping review. Complementary Medicine Research. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42391143/
21. Ding, L., et al. (2023). Neuroprotective mechanisms of asiatic acid — review. Heliyon. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37180926/
22. Songvut, P., et al. (2019). Safety and pharmacokinetics of standardized extract of Centella asiatica (ECa 233) capsules in healthy volunteers — phase 1 clinical trial. Planta Medica. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30699457/
23. Songvut, P., et al. (2021). Pharmacokinetics and metabolomics of an orally modified formula of standardized Centella asiatica extract in healthy volunteers — clinical trial. Scientific Reports. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33767223/
24. Wattanathorn, J., et al. (2008). Positive modulation of cognition and mood in the healthy elderly following Centella asiatica — randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18191355/
25. Hussin, F., et al. (2014). Centella asiatica juice effects on DNA damage, apoptosis and gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma — in vitro. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24444147/
26. Wang, W., et al. (2018). Madecassoside prevents acute liver failure in LPS/D-GalN-induced mice — animal model. Biomed Pharmacother. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29715757/
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30. She, M., Pu, F., Pan, Z., Watson, M., Cannon, J. F. M., & Holmes-Smith, I. Centella asiatica (Linnaeus) Urban — species description, habitat and distribution — flora. In Wu, Z. Y., & Raven, P. H. (eds.), Flora of China, Vol. 14 (Apiaceae). http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200015478
31. North Carolina State University Extension. Centella asiatica — plant profile — NC State Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/centella-asiatica/
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33. Wright, K. M., Magana, A. A., Laethem, R. M., et al. (2020). Centella asiatica water extract shows low potential for cytochrome P450-mediated drug interactions — in vitro study. Drug Metab Dispos. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32581050/

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